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Input vs. output variable
input- is the independent variable and the output variable is the dependent variable
"generic" threats to internal validdity
this means rather than the IV, other fx may be causally responsible for observed scores or status on the DV.
Other methods other than random assignment, for controlling for threats on the IV include:
1) matching or grouping peppes who are similar in terms of their extraneous varialbes and then raondomly assignment members to matched groups
2) blocking or studying the effects of an extraneous subject as if ti were another IV
3) holding for the extraneous variable constant
4) analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
ANCOVA
making mathematical adjustments to the data so that subjects are equalized in terms of their status on one or more extraneous variables.
demand characteristics
cues in the research setting that allow subjects to guess the research hypothesis
hawthorne effect
the tendency of individuals to behave diferently when they are being observed in a research setting (threatens external validity)
order effects
(threaten external validity) in repeated measures studies, (i.e., studies in which the same subjects receive more than one treatment).
how can order effects be controlled?
by using counterbalancing, which involves dividing the subjects into groups and administering the treatments in a different order for each group.
which design is the best alternative to ensuring internal validity when random assignment is not possible-
quasi-expeirement (this would be when using pre-existing/intact groups like hospital wards)
Name the three types of developmental designs:
1. longitudinal
2. cross-sectional (subjects in different age groups are compared)
3. cross-sequentional (subjects of different age groups are studied over a short period of time.)
single-subject designs
1 single subject
1 baseline (pre-treatment)
1 treatment
DV= measured several times during both phases
examples of single-subjecct designs
1. AB (baseline-treatment) design
2. reversal design (in which the treatment is withdrawn to determine if the behavior reverts to base line)
3. multiple baseline desings (treatment is sequentially administered across different behaviors, settings, or subjects)
an example of a factorial design would be:
2 levels of schizophrenia (acute vs. chronic)
with 3 level so treatment (3x2)