- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
Front
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
PLAY BUTTON
PLAY BUTTON
63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what role does adenosine play with regards to adenylyl cyclase?
|
adenosine inhibits adenylyl cyclase
|
|
what is the rate limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis
|
acetyl CoA carboxylase
|
|
does insulin stimulate or inhibit acetyl CoA carboxylase?
|
stimulate
|
|
why is fructose worse than glucose?
|
fructose enters glycolysis late in the pathway thus flooding the cytoplasm with abundant acetyl CoA that can be used for fatty acid synthesis
|
|
what are the essential fatty acids?
|
linoleic and linolenic acid
|
|
what does carnitine deficiency result in?
|
cant get FFAs into the liver mitochondria for beta oxidation and thus FFA accumulate in the blood which decrease gluconeogenesis and cause hypoglycemia
|
|
what are the 3 keto acids?
|
acetone, acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutryate
|
|
what are the 2 main actions of thromboxane?
|
platelet agregation; vasoconstriction
|
|
what are the 2 mono-unsaturated fatty acids?
|
palmitoleic acid and oleic acid
|
|
what effect does cortisol have on HMG CoA reductase?
|
inhibits it
|
|
how does a bile acid become a bile salt?
|
it gets conjugated with either glycine or taurine
|
|
how do fats accumulate in atherosclerotic plaques?
|
macs release lipoprotein lipase that draws in fats to the plaque
|
|
what is the only phospholipid that is antigenic to humans?
|
cardiolipin
|
|
what 2 components make up a glycolipid?
|
ceramide and sugar(s)
|
|
what are the 2 major glycolipids?
|
cerebroside and ganglioside
|
|
what makes sphingolipidoses so destructive to the CNS?
|
sphingomyelin is the major component of myelin in the CNS
|
|
what is the structure of sphingomyelin?
|
ceramide, choline
|
|
what is the enzyme deficiency in Tay-Sachs?
|
hexosaminidase
|
|
which sphingolipidoses results in among other things angiokeratomas?
|
Fabry
|
|
what 2 amino acids does trypsin cleave at the carboxy side of?
|
arginine, lysine
|
|
what amino acid is the precursor for thyroid hormone?
|
tyrosine
|
|
what B vitamin can tryptophan become?
|
B3 (niacin)
|
|
what can glutamate become via AST or ALT?
|
alpha-ketoglutarate which enters the Krebs cycle
|
|
what AA is the main precursor to creatine?
|
glycine
|
|
what can you inject someone with to try to convert their homocysteine to methionine?
|
B12
|
|
what molecule builds up in alkaptonuria?
|
homogentisate
|
|
what B vitamin assists cystathionine sythetase in converting homocysteine into cystathionine?
|
vita B6
|
|
In Hartnup disease, what is the ultimate result of not being able to absorb (gut) and reabsorb (renal) tryptophan?
|
pellagra (niacin def)
|
|
which sugars are digestable, alpha or beta?
|
alpha
|
|
what 2 places can you find glucokinase?
|
liver, beta islet cells
|
|
in fructose intolerance, why can you get severe hypoglycemia between meals?
|
aldolase B is involved with glycolysis and thus you get a back up of glucose 6 phosphate which shuts down gluconeogenesis and glyocgenolysis
|
|
how would you treat someone with galactosemia?
|
stop ALL milk products
|
|
why don't you see hypoglycemia between meals with Cori's Disease as you do the other glyogen storage diseases?
|
only a small amount of glucose is branched so you can still use most of it from glycogen
|
|
what enzyme is deficient in McArdle disease?
|
skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase
|
|
what is the most abundant glycosaminoglycan in our body?
|
chondroitin SO4
|
|
what disease results in a defect in iduronate sulfatase?
|
Hunter
|
|
what 2 molecules combine to form delta ALA?
|
glycine and succinyl CoA
|
|
which porphria doesn't cause photosensitivity?
|
acute intermittent
|
|
what do the muscle spindles sense?
|
muscle stretching
|
|
what spinal cord levels corespond to the sympathetic innervation of the middle GI level?
|
T10-T11
|
|
what energy source does skeletal muscle use in the fed, resting state?
|
fatty acids
|
|
where do alpha-ketoacids come from for gluconeogenesis?
|
glycogenic amino acids
|
|
what vitamin is a cofactor for norepi synthesis?
|
vit C
|
|
what effect does toxic levels of Vit D have on renin and BP?
|
decrease renin and BP
|
|
what anti tuberculosis drug causes B6 depletion?
|
isoniazid
|
|
what vitamin deficiency can cause seborrheic dermatitis?
|
biotin
|
|
Does insulin and AMP activate or inhibit PFK I?
|
activate
|
|
where are the only 2 places where glucose-6-phosphatase is found?
|
liver, kidney
|
|
do steroids stimulate or inhibit gluconeogenesis?
|
stimulate
|
|
what is the rate controlling enzyme in fatty acid synthesis?
|
acetyl CoA carboxylase
|
|
what enzyme converts IMP into AMP in the purine synthesis pathway?
|
APRT
|
|
what molecule in the TCA cycle can be converted into AST and ALT?
|
alpha-ketoglutarate
|
|
how many ATP, NADH, and pyruvate are yielded in glycolysis from 1 glucose?
|
2 of each
|
|
how much energy is made from 1 acetyl CoA entering the Krebs cycle?
|
1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
|
|
How much ATP is yielded from 1 NADH?
|
3
|
|
what cells make insulin?
|
pancreatic B islet cells
|
|
what is the anticodon?
|
3 base pair of tRNA that complements mRNA
|
|
in the salvage of purine bases, what enzyme converts hypoxanthine to IMP?
|
HGPRT
|
|
what polymerase catalyzes transcrption (DNA to RNA)?
|
RNA polymerase
|
|
which RNA polymerase is responsible for making tRNA?
|
RNA polymerase III
|
|
where does RNA processing of mRNA take place?
|
nucleus
|
|
which bacterial DNA polymerase is responsible for replacing the RNA primer with DNA in replication?
|
DNA polymerase I
|
|
What is the function of ligase?
|
joins okazaki fragments together
|
