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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which is larger, the tympanum or the oval window? Why?
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The tympanum is 15x larger than the oval window because it is receiving input from air, versus the oval window, which is receiving input from liquid.
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What seperates the external ear from the middle ear?
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Tympanum
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What seperates the middle ear from the inner ear?
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Oval window
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What is in the middle ear?
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3 ossicles (incus, malleus, stapes)
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What is in the inner ear?
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Cochlea
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How does the middle ear communicate with the inner ear?
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The oval and round windows
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How many turns does the cochlea have?
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2.5
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How many fluid filled chambers does the cochlea have?
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3
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What are the fluid filled chambers of the cochlea?
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Scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani
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What is another name for the scala media?
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Cochlear duct
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What connects the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani?
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helicotrema
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What fluid fills the scala vestibuli and scala tympani?
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Perilymph
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What fluid fills the scala media?
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Endolymph
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What is perilymph analogous to?
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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What is endolymph analogous to?
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Intracellular fluid
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What seperates the scala vestibuli from the cochlear duct?
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The vestibular membrane
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What is another name for the vestibular membrane?
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Reissner's membrane
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What seperates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani?
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Basilar membrane
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Where is the organ of Corti located?
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in the scala media (cochlear duct) attached to the basilar membrane
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What are the 2 parts of the organ of Corti?
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An inner row and 3-5 cell deep outer row of hair cells
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Where are the hair cells embedded?
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the tectorial membrane
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What seperates the inner and outer rows of hair cells?
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the tunnel of Corti
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What is the tunnel of Corti filled with?
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Perilymph
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What is the main function of the inner hair cells?
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hearing
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What is the main function of the outer hair cells?
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modulate (tune) sounds
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What happens when fluid waves vibrate the basilar membrane and cause hair cells to bend?
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Membrane potential is reduced and a neurotransmitter is released
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What does this neurotransmitter do?
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Initiates an action potential in a fiber of the cochlear nerve
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At the base of the cochlea, the basilar membrane is -----, and responds maximally to ---- frequency waves
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Narrow, high
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At the apex of the cochlea, the basilar membrane is ----, and responds maximally to ----- frequnecy waves
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wide, low
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How does auditory sharpening make hearing more sensitive?
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Outer hair cells contract and make inner hair cells more sensitive
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How does auditory sharpening "tune things out"?
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Hair cells are inhibited by efferent fibers of the efferent cochlear bundle
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What is the full neurological pathway of high frequency sounds?
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Base of the cochlea
Dorsal part of the dorsal cochlear nucleus Medial part of the median geniculate body Caudomedial part of the transverse temporal gyri |
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What is the full neurological pathway of low frequency sounds?
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Apex of the cochlea
Ventral part of the dorsal cochlear nuclesu and Ventral cochlear nucleus Lateral part of the median geniculate body Rostrolateral part of the transverse temporal gyri |
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What is the origin and termination of central processes of primary auditory fibers?
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Originate in spiral ganglion, terminate in dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
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What is the origin and termination of peripheral primary auditory fibers?
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Originate in spiral ganglion, terminate in the organ of Corti
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Where do secondary auditory fibers originate, and what do they form?
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Originate in the cochlear nuclei, form acoustic striae
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Where does the dorsal cochlear nucleus receive input from?
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The basal part of the cochlea
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Where does the dorsal cochlear nucleus send fibers to? Via what?
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Contralateral lateral lemniscus via the dorsal acoustic stria
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What are the two divisions of the ventral cochlear nucleus?
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Anteroventral nucleus and posteroventral nucleus
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Where does the anteroventral cochlear nucleus receive input from?
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apical part of the cochlea
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What do fibers leaving the anteroventral cochlear nucleus form? What does it become? Where is its destination?
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They form the ventral acoustic stria, which becomes the trapezoid body when it decusssates, and goes to the lateral lemniscus. Some fibers also terminate ofn the ipsilateral superior olivary nucleus
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Where does the posteroventral cochlear nucleus receive input from?
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apical part of the cochlea
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What does the posteroventral cochlear nucleus send fibers to? Via what?
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Contralateral superior olivary complex via the intermediate acoustic stria
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What is the function of the intermediate acoustic stria?
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Determining direction of sound
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Where is the superior olivary nucleus located? Near what other structure?
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In pons, near facial nucleus
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What are 3 functions of the superior olivary nucleus?
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1) Sound localization via biaural interaction
2) Gives rise to the efferent cochlear bundle 3) Sends motor fibers bilaterally to stapedius and tensor tympani muscles |
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What fibers form the trapezoid body?
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Contralateral ventral cochlear nucleus and contralateral superior olivary nucleus
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What is the principal ascending auditory pathway?
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Lateral lemniscus
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What fibers make up the lateral lemniscus?
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Ipsi AND contralateral cochlear and superior olivary nuclei
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Where does the lateral lemniscus terminate?
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inferior colliculus
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Where does the inferior colliculus send fibers to? Via what?
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Medial geniculate body via the brachium of the inferior colliculus
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Where does the medial geniculate body send fibers to? Via what? Through what?
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Transverse temporal gyrus cia auditory radiations through the sublentiform part of the internal capsule
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Where is the primary auditory area located?
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Brodmann's areas 41 and 42, of the transverse temporal gyri of Heschl, especially the middle part of the anterior gyrus
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Where are low frequencies located on the ttg?
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Rostrolateral
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Where are high frequencies located on the ttg?
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Caudomedial
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Where is the auditory association area located?
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Planum temporale
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Why is the auditory association area important?
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Higher meaning of sound, disceerning the difference between different sounds
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Why is Wernicke's area important?
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Language function
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How does the CNS influence its own auditory input?
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Via the efferent cochlear bundle
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Where does the efferent cochlear bundle originate?
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In the superior olivary nuclei
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How does the efferenet cochlear bundle leave the brainstem?
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Via the vestibular nerve
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Where does the efferent cochlear bundle join the cochlear nerve? Via what? Where is it headed?
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In the inner ear, the efferent cochlear bundle joins the cochlear nerve via vestibulocochlear anastomosis to reach the organ of Corti
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What is the action of the efferent cochlear bundle?
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Inhibit receptivity of hair cells
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What are 3 things that can result in complete unilateral hearing loss?
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1) destruction of the cochlea
2) destruction of CN VIII 3) destruction of the cochlear nuclei |
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What will happen as a result of a unilateral lesion of a portion of the central auditory pathway?
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Mild hearing loss in the contralateral ear
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