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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True or false. Birds do not have sweat glands.
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True
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Compare the skin of birds to that of mammals.
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Thin (except for "scaled" areas)
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Why is molting so stressful?
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Because it takes lots of proteins to make feathers so can be opportunity for disease, but must molt yearly
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What do they think may be a use for the uropygial glands (greasy glands on butt)?
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Maybe communication
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What is different about the vertebral column of bird?
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T2-T5 and T6/T7-L7 fused
-Articulation b/w T5 & T6 -Cervical vertabrae varies from 11-25 |
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Except for the ____ and ______ there are no bony epiphyses in birds.
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Tibia and proximal metatarsus
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Many avian bones are "aerated" and provide an important mineral reserve for _____.
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Egg production
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The _____ joint is a major stress point for birds; the ______ bone is the fastest growing bone in the bird's body.
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Intertarsal joint=major stress point
Tibiotarsal bone=fastest growing |
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How many occipital condyles do birds have?
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one
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How does the skeleton of ratite birds vary from carinate birds?
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Ratite: have no keel and are ground birds
Carinate: have a keel and can fly |
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Birds have _____ girdles.
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Pelvic girdles
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What is the content of "red" muscle in birds?
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High fat, low glycogen
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Birds have oxygen exchange during ______.
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Both inspiration and expiration; countercurrent exchange
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Pathologies of the avian respiratory system tend to be located _____.
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Dorsoposterior
-Gravity? |
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What are the clinical signs of respiratory issues in birds?
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Snick, sneeze, gurgle and increased lacrimation
-No coughs w/ birds |
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Some birds have extensive ______ sinuses.
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Cervicocephalic sinuses
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What are the 5 locations of avian air sacs?
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Anterior, posterior and thoracic air sacs, abdominal, interclavicular air sac
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The heart of birds tends to be _____ shaped.
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Cone shaped
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What is different about the right AV valve in birds?
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It's a muscular flap
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Minimal _____ lumen is seen on the heart of birds at necropsy.
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Left ventricular lumen
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The renal portal system sends blood from hind limbs through the kidneys, but what can happen during stress?
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This blood can be shunted directly to caudal vena cava or to the hepatic portal vein
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The BP of birds is _____ than most animals.
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Higher (200 mm Hg in turkeys)
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Birds lack lymph nodes, so what do they have instead?
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Lymphoid follicular aggregates in various tissues, including Harderian glands (eyelid) and intestinal wall, cecal tonsils
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What is different about the spleen in birds?
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Lymphoid rich
-Various shapes-can be round |
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**When does the cloacal bursa begin to involute in birds?
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14 weeks (complete atrophy by 22 weeks)
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Explain the development of the avian thymus with time.
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Enlarges until sexual maturity (18 weeks) then atrophies
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What are polymorphonuclear cells called in birds?
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Heterophils (not neutrophils)
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Thrombocytes are _____, nucleated and the same size as lymphocytes in birds.
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Phagocytic
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How does the avian urinary system eliminate waste?
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Uric acid metabolism
-Drains into cloaca where it can mix w/ feces |
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The ______ is a common site for extramedullary hematopoiesis in birds.
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Kidney
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What is different about the anatomy of the avian kidney?
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No clear gross distinction b/w medulla & cortex
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What structure is completely missing in the avian urinary system?
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No urinary bladder
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What is different about the avian central nervous system?
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Well developed cerebellum
-Poor cerebral development -Ocular specializations |
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For the most part, what do avian salivary glands secrete?
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Only mucus
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Crops are not present in _____ and some fish-eating birds.
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Owl
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What are the 2 parts of the avian stomach?
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Proventriculus (secretory) before ventriculus (grinding koilin surface)
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What is different about the avian small intestine compared to mammals?
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Generally shorter than mammals
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Bird droppings contain both ____ and ____ component.
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Renal and GI components
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The organization of the avian liver lacks the clear-cut ______ of mammals.
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Acinar pattern
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What is different about the gene makeup of male and female birds?
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Females are heterogametic: ZW
Males are homogametic: ZZ |
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In female birds abiotrophy of the _____ side occurs in the reproductive system.
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Right side
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What are the 5 parts of the avian oviduct?
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1) Infundibulum
2) Magnum 3) Isthmus 4) Shell gland (uterus) 5) Vagina |
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What is the urodeum segment of the cloaca in birds?
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The urodeum is the smallest cloacal chamber in psittacines. It receives the ureters, the oviduct (females), and ductus deferens (males)
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How often can chickens lay eggs?
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Every 24 hours
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Compare the basal metabolic rate of birds to mammals.
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Birds have a higher basal metabolic rate with temp around 40-42 degrees C
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True or false. It takes weeks for the mass of the avian pectoral muscle to decrease.
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False, takes just a few days- higher basal metabolic rate than mammals
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Birds need feathers to regulate _____.
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Heat
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Birds don't have a peritoneal/thoracic cavity, they have ______.
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Coelom-actually a total of 16 cavities (8 are air sacs)
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Is avian or mammalian inflammation more rapid?
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Avian is much more rapid
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What type of inflammatory reaction do birds have?
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Intense granulomatous reaction (within 12 hours)
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_______ are involved in the acute inflammatory response but not eosinophils.
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Basophils
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Are macrophages or heterophils more active phagocytes?
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Macrophages
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Avian ______ and _____ have defective lysosomal activity.
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Heterophils
Thrombocytes |
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What is different about the lymphoid reaction in birds?
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It quickly dominates, resulting in lymphofollicular nodules at site of insult
-Not good at making liquid exudate |
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What occurs b/w 1-6 hours of the avian inflammatory response?
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Influx of basophils, heterophils and monocytes
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What occurs b/w 6-12 hours of the avian inflammatory response?
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Lymphocytes predominate + monocyte/macrophage
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What occurs b/w 12-36 hours of the avian inflammatory response?
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Giant cells start to appear
-Peak by 36 hours. -Heterophils persist if stimulus remains |
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What happens during 36-72 hours of the avian inflammatory response?
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-Regeneration and repair (fibroblasts)
-Secondary lymphoid follicles -**Caseation and granuloma fomation |
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True or false. Birds do generate fibrin.
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True
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A bird presents to you with small tissue growths in the apteric areas such as around the eyes and mouth. What's high on your differentials? How can you diagnose it?
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Poxvirus!
Looks for inclusion bodies on a slide |
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What causes fowl cholera?
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=Avian pasteurellosis (pasteurella multocida)
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All poultry are susceptible to fowl cholera, but is a key disease in _______.
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Turkeys
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The clinical signs of fowl cholera are _______ related.
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Respiratory related
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What will you see on necropsy of a bird with fowl cholera?
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Widespread hemorrhage and necrosis
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Why does fowl cholera cause arthritis?
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Because fowl cholera causes a strong inflammatory response and chronic infections can localize (arthritis, tendons, ears, etc)
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What's the treatment for fowl cholera?
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Antibiotics, attenuated vaccines
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What is ILT?
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Infectious laryngotracheitis
-Highly contagious respiratory disease |
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ILT mainly affects what bird?
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Chickens
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What is the mortality of ILT in naive flocks?
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Can be over 50%
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What can be done to prevent infectious laryngotracheitis?
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Vaccine available
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What are 3 clinical signs of ILT?
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Gasping, coughing (bad news), extension of neck
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What kind of virus is the infectious laryngotracheitis virus?
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A herpesvirus
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What can you see on necropsy of a chicken with ILT?
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May see yellow nodules in respiratory system
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What is a fungus that affects birds?
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Aspergillosis
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What causes infectious bursal disease?
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A birnavirus
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What form of infectious bursal disease is the most serious and why?
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Subclinical form is most serious bc it leads to "disaster flocks"
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When are chickens usually infected w/ the birnavirus that causes infectious bursal disease?
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Chicks usually infected before 3 weeks of age
-Bursa normally ceases to grow by about 14 weeks and atrophies by time of sexual maturity |
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What are 2 types of lymphoid neoplasia in chickens?
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1) Marek's disease
2) Lymphoid leukosis |
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At what age does Marek's disease usually infect chickens? What causes Marek's disease?
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It's a herpes virus, often infects 3-30 weeks of age
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What type of a tumor is produced by Marek's disease? Lymphoid leukosis?
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Marek's=T cell tumor
Lymphoid leukosis=B cell tumor |
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Does marek's or lymphoid leukosis cause paralysis?
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Marek's disease may
Lymphoid leukosis does not |
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Is marek's disease or lymphoid leukosis not neurotropic?
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Lymphoid leukosis is not
Marek's disease often is neurotropic |
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How does Marek's disease affect the bursa? Lymphoid leukosis?
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Marek's disease: bursa enlarged or atrophied
Lymphoid leukosis: may see bursal tumors |
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Does Marek's disease or lymphoid leukosis have a vaccine available?
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Marek's=vaccine
Lymphoid leukosis=no vaccine |
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Marek's or lymphoid leukosis.... infiltrates diffusely.
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Lymphoid leukosis
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What are 2 things you might see upon necropsy of a bird with Marek's virus?
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Big sciatic nerve
Tiny nodules that are foci of follicular replication |
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Birds get host-specific and even site specific infections by _____.
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Eimeria spp
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What are 2 examples of Eimeria species that infect chickens?
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E. tenella (ceca)
E. necatrix (anterior SI) |
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What is the prepatent period of eimeria in birds? Where do the oocysts sporulate?
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4-7 d
Sporulate in environment and are generally quite hardy |
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What are the clinical signs of coccidiosis in birds?
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Varies from poor weight gain to unanticipated death
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If a bird is raised on solid ground how should you treat coccidiosis?
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Manage with anticoccidial drugs +/-vaccination
-Coccidiostatic vs coccidiocidal drugs |
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"________programs" are used to treat coccidiosis in order to decrease drug resistance.
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Shuttle programs -change drugs a lot
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Where are birds most likely to get dyschondrodysplasia?
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Tibia..
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What will you see on necropsy in a bird with Heterakis sp.? How is Heterakis spread?
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Hepatitis
Tiphlitis Black head -Spread by roundworms |
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What is a common problem in laying hens?
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Hepatic lipidosis
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What are the 2 most important causes of mortality in baby chicks?
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1) Starvation-they're dumb
2) Yolk ac infection |
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What will you see on necropsy of a bird with ascites syndrome?
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Coelom filled w/ fibrin and fluid
-Genetic problem |
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Other than hematopoietic neoplasias, most neoplastic problems in birds are found in ___________.
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Elderly laying hens
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What must you rule out before diagnosing "carcinamatosis" due to ovary/oviduct, pancreas or intestinal neoplasia?
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Avian tuberculosis
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_________ (neoplasia) of the oviduct, and ___________ are also common neoplasms of birds.
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Leiomyomas of oviduct
Squamous cell carcinomas |
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What causes "fowl plague"?
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Avian influenza
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What kind of virus is avian influenza? How are the variants classified?
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Orthomyxoviridae, type A strain
Classified via combination or HA and N antigens |
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There's variability in the virulence of mammalian influenza because the and viruses are constantly mutating via _______.
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Antigenic drift/shift
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*What is the reservoir for avian influenza?
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Water fowl
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Avian influenza can infect what other animal?
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Felids
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True or false. Avian influenza cannot survive in the environment.
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False, hardy in environment and cool temperatures
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Why is avian influenza tracked so closely when there are other diseases with a higher mortality?
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Has the potential to spread very rapidly
*Can infect humans |
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**What are the 7 clinical signs of avian influenza?
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1) Depression, inappetence
2) Drop in egg production 3) Spike in mortality rates 4) Respiratory distress 5) Edema, cyanosis of face, comb, wattles 6) Hemorrhages 7) Incoordination |
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What are some gross lesions associated with avian influenza?
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-Hemorrhage
-Cyanotic comb -Target lesions in pancreas from necrosis |
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What are 3 things to look for to diagnose Avian influenza?
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Hemorrhage, high degree of mortality, evidence of respiratory distress
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What are 3 differentials that cause similar signs to avian influenza (hemorrhage, respiratory signs, high mortality)?
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1) Velogenic newcastle disease
2) Fowl cholera 3) Infectious laryngotracheitis |
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What is a disease that's reportable in birds?
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Avian influenza
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What 4 samples should you collect from a bird on necropsy if you suspect avian influenza?
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1) Serum
2) Tracheal and cloacal swabs 3) Fresh lung, spleen 4) Formalin fixed samples of wide variety of tissues |
