BA 385 Final Test

The totality of the means employed to provide objects necessary for human sustenance and comfort and scientific method used to achieve a practical purpose

Food, especially agricultural produce, that has been modified or engineered genetically; also called genetically engineered foods (GEFs)
Major U.S. crops that are genetically modified:
• Sugar beets(95%)
• Soybeans (91%)
• Cotton (88%)
• Corn (85%)

An officer at a company responsible for developing Internet policies relating to electronic commerce and consumer privacy, helping their companies avoid consumer litigation, creating methods of handling consumer complaints, and assessing the risk of privacy invasion of company activities

The creation of a genetic copy of an organism

An emerging field of ethics that deals with the ethical issues arising out of the commercial use of biotechnology

Umbrella term for a range of technology related to biology and encompassing such things as deciphering the human genome and growing stem cells

1. Increased production of goods and services
2. Reduced amount of labor needed to produce goods and services
3. Made labor easier and safer
4. Increased Productivity
5. Higher standards of living
6. Increased Life Expectancy

1. Environmental pollution
2. Depletion of natural resources
3. Technological unemployment
4. Creation of unsatisfying jobs

What can be developed will be developed.

When the speed of technological change far exceeds that of ethical development.

We favor the quick fix.
We fear and worship technology.
We blur the distinction between what is real and fake.
We accept violence as normal.
We love technology as a toy.
We live our lives distanced and distracted.

Identity theft
Unintentionally revealing information
Lost/stolen personal information
Fake Web sites
Government distribution of information
Broadcasting information over the Internet
Victim of spying
Cyberstalking

Identification tags that Web sites drop on our personal computer hard drives so they can recognize repeat visitors the next time we visit their Web sites.

Unsolicited commercial e-mail. It is sent through "open-relays" to millions of persons.

Tampering with one’s financial accounts.

Stem cell research is a developing technology that focuses on using undifferentiated cells therapeutically to treat human disease and injury. Stem cells are primitive or unspecialized cells that can assist in tissue repair and rejuvenation. When they divide, stem cells have the potential to become any type of cell needed, such as brain, blood or muscle cells.

Encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier.

Corporations that operate with offices, factories, and headquarters in more than one country; also known as multinational enterprises or transnational corporations

An agreement that brought under one economic zone the economies of the United States, Canada, and Mexico

A process by which firms increase their awareness of the influence of international activities on their future and establish and conduct transactions with firms from other countries; a firm may be internationalized but not “globalized”

The global economic integration of many formerly national economies into one global economy

Open markets across the globe
Investors, consumers, employees, and environmentalists are better off
Beneficial to poor and rich nations alike

Expansion and greed of corporate enterprises
Globalization is responsible for destruction of environments and emerging economies, abuses of human rights, undermining of local cultures, and the sovereignty of nation-states
Power of international bodies

Relatively large amounts of money given for the purpose of influencing officials to make decisions or take actions that they otherwise might not take.

Money given to minor officials to expedite processes.

Law passed in 1977 that made it a criminal offense for a representative of an American corporation to offer or give payments to the officials of other governments for the purpose of getting or maintaining business

Create global codes of conduct.
Integrate ethics into a global strategy.
Suspend activities in host country.
Create ethical impact statements and audits.

State intervention that affects industry as a distinct part of the economy

The act of governing, directing according to rule, or bringing under the control of law or constituted authority

Government regulation that focuses on business’s impact on people, such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration

The process of turning over to the private sector a function previously handled by the government

Individualistic ethic
Maximizes concession to self-interest
Minimizing the load of obligations society imposes on the individual (personal freedom)
Emphasizes inequalities of individuals

Collectivistic ethic
Subordinates individual goals and self-interest to group goals and group interests
Maximizing obligations assumed by the individual and discourages self-interest
Emphasizes equality of individuals

See Picture

The process of influencing public officials to promote or secure the passage or defeat of legislation

Donations made to political parties instead of to political candidates

The process of mobilizing individual citizens to political action

Using the Internet enable grassroots supporters to contact their legislators.

Fake groups largely created and funded by a professional organization or trade association.

Groups of like-minded businesses using financial resources to influence government

PACs are a reasonable means that business may use to organize their contributions to candidates for office.

PACs expect something in return other than good government and this can lead to differing treatment for
those who give and those who cannot, such as the poor.

It isn’t always about the Money
• Some issues don't have a money side to them, at least not an obvious one
• Getting reelected is the most important thing. That takes votes. Money buys the votes, that's why it's so important.
• Voters who are paying attention -- and especially voters who are organized -- will always trump the money. (There is hope...) But only if the members see it in their own interests to do it.

means different things to different people.

Performance
Features
Reliability
Conformance
Durability
Serviceability
Aesthetics
Perceived Quality

Usually means that the service was performed as expected and on time.

Caveat Emptor
“Let the buyer beware”

Caveat Vendor
“Let the seller take care”
Why? Consumer is disadvantaged
Seller has power and info.

The sheer number of cases where products resulted in injury, illness, or death and the amount of the financial award.
We have become an increasingly litigious society.
Rise in the doctrine of strict liability.

Anyone in the value chain of a product is liable for harm caused to the user if the product is unreasonably dangerous because of a defective condition.

An independent regulatory agency created by the Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 that works to reduce the risk of injuries or deaths from consumer products by developing and enforcing standards, banning or recalling products, conducting research, and informing and educating consumers

A regulatory agency created by the Food and Drugs Act of 1906 responsible for protecting the public health through analysis, surveillance, and correction of food and drugs

A management program in which all the functions of a business are integrated around concepts of quality, teamwork, productivity, customer understanding, and satisfaction

A recent development within TQM that includes a broad array of strategies, methodologies, and techniques to improve quality and reduce costs; stresses the importance of customers as well as careful measurement

Acronym for “not in my backyard,” a reflection of human denial of responsibility for the misuse of the environment

Federal law passed in 1973 to prevent harm to species considered endangered (facing extinction) or threatened (likely to become endangered)

The ability of a business to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Business reporting that covers not only economic but also social and environmental performance

Climate Change
Energy
Water
Biodiversity and Land Use
Chemicals, Toxics, and Heavy Metals
Air Pollution
Waste Management
Ozone Layer Depletion
Oceans and Fisheries
Deforestation

Known as global warming
Increased possibility of swift and radical climactic changes
Steady increase in Carbon Dioxide Emmissions

Known as global warming
Increased possibility of swift and radical climactic changes
Steady increase in Carbon Dioxide Emmissions

A major environmental issue is energy inefficiency, wasting nonrenewable sources of energy.

Rampant degradation of oceans and waterways.
World is facing water bankruptcy.

The variation of life forms inside an ecosystem.
Human activity causing biodiversity to be reduced at 1,000 times higher than the natural rate.

We are not always aware of the effects of exposure to chemicals.
Toxic substances can be associated with industrial accidents, causing unforeseen widespread biological damage.

Acid Rain
Global Warming
Smog
Depletion of the ozone layer
Serious respiratory illnesses

Reduce
Re-Use
Recycle
(Cradle to cradle)

Ozone blocks dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
Decrease in stratospheric ozone comes from human use of CFCs and other chemicals.

Adds to soil erosion problems and is a major contributor to the greenhouse effect.
Costs money.
Plays a key role in global warming.

A strategy by which a portion of the sale of a product goes to some specific, publicized philanthropic activity; raises money for the cause as well as sales of the product

The relocation of a business process to a different company

Builds brand awareness and affinity
Strengthens trust and loyalty among consumers
Enhances corporate image and reputation
Improves employee retention
Increases employee productivity and loyalty
Provides and effective vehicle to reach strategic goals

Voluntary giving of financial resources by business

1. Health and human services
2. Education
3. Civic and community activities
4. Culture and the arts

Federal law requiring firms employing 100 or more workers to provide 60 days’ advance notice to employees before shutting down or conducting substantial layoffs

Job security
Life careers with one employer
Stable positions/job assignments
Loyalty to employer
Paternalism
Employee sense of entitlement
Stable, rising income
Job-related skill training
Focus on individual accomplishments

Few tenure arrangements
Few life careers; changes common
Temporary project assignments
Loyalty to self
Relationships far less familial
Personal responsibility for one’s job future
Pay for value added
Employees in charge of own education
Focus on team building and projects

Employee rights that come from employer promises
Fair Treatment
Due Process
Freedom of Speech

The right to receive an impartial review of one’s complaints and to be dealt with fairly

Belief based on the private property rights of the employer, holding that just as employees are free to quit a company anytime they choose, so the company may discharge an employee for any or no reason, as long as it does not violate any laws or contracts

A former or current employee who exposes illegal or immoral practices under the control of their employers