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33 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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What are the rules of thumb for gram + rods?
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1. Less frequently isolated than other groups of bacteria
But some important diseases! e.g., Clostridia & Bacillus 2. They “tend” to cause syndromes Therefore – History, Signalment and Clinical Signs often give a Presumptive Diagnosis 3. If more definitive diagnosis is required Morphology is VERY helpful |
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Should you swab a draining sinus?
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BAD idea!!!
NEVER, EVER, EVER collect a sample from a DRAINING SINUS Will ALWAYS be contaminated |
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What are the small, yellow, hard granules floating in the exudate of draining tracts caused by gram + rods?
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Sulphur Granules
Club Colonies |
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Which bacteria that cause disease have club colonies?
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Actinomyces
Actinobacillus Staphylococci |
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What is the habitat of Actinomyces?
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Normal flora of the oral cavity and GIT of many species
Therefore most infections are ENDOGENOUS And disease is OPPORTUNISTIC Requires “something” to allow access of organism into diseased site AND disease is usually NEAR where they are normal flora!!! |
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Do Actinomycetes have endotoxin?
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NO! only Gram - bacteria have endotoxin
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What is Nocardia's major virulence facter?
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Facultative Intracellular Parasite
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Describe Lumpy Jaw Syndrome:
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cattle + other species (e.g. humans, marsupials)
see hard, usually non-painful, “lumps” on the head of cattle this is a chronic, pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis of the bone of the mandible and maxilla |
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What species can have a mycetoma (abcess)?
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Many types
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What usually causes a mycetoma (abcess) and will it be a pure isolate?
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Bite wounds or grass awns
Usually mixed flora |
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What is the morphology of Actinomycetes?
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Gram + Branching rods
No spores |
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What is the normal habitat of Actinomycetes?
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Normal flora of the oral cavity and GIT of many species
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What kind of pathogen is actinomycetes?
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Opportunistic
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What is the normal habitat of Nocardia?
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Saprophytes found in soil, water, and plants
Exogenous source for disease |
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Is Nocardia a good pathogen?
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No it is a very poor pathogen.
Requires very high numbers or host compromise to be pathogenic |
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What is the normal habitat of Dermatophilus congolensis?
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Obligate parasite of the skin
Infections are exogenous by carrier animals or especially fomites |
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What predisposes animals to infection from Dermatophilus congolensis?
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Wet skin from environmental conditions
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What is a virulence factor of Nocardia?
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Facultative intracellular parasite
Mycolic Acids with Cell Wall Lipids |
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Describe Lumpy Jaw Syndrome
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see hard, usually non-painful, “lumps” on the head of cattle
this is a chronic, pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis of the bone of the mandible and maxilla |
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What can give Actinomyces bovis access to the body?
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Frequently grass awns and impacted feed - penetrating oral wounds
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What specific diseases are caused by actinomyces spp?
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Lumpy Jaw
Abcesses (mycetoma) Serositis |
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What specific diseases are caused by Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia nova?
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Pyothorax/Peritonitis
Pyogranulomatous lesions w/ draining tracts (mycetoma) |
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What specific diseases are caused by Nocardia otitidis-caviarum?
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Mastitis (intramammary) with poor prognosis
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What specific diseases are caused by Dermatophilus congolensis?
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Dermatophilosis - Exudative dermatitis - (rain scald, greasy heel) in ruminants and horses commonly
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How could you differentiate between Nocardia and Actinomyces during culturing?
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Actinomyces is a facultative Anaerobe
Nocardia is an Aerobe |
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What stain can be used to differentiate Nocardia from Actinomyces?
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Modified Acid Fast Stain
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How are mycetomas and abcesses due to Nocardia and Actinomyces treated?
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Debridement and drainage
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How is Dermitophilosis (rain scald) treated?
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Dry Lesions
Treat w/ topical antibiotic |
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What antibiotic is effective against Dermitophilus and Actinomyces?
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Penicillin
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What antibiotic is indicated for use for Nocardia infections?
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Must do susceptibility testing and use for a long time (intracellular survival)
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How are actinomyces infections controlled?
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Improve Feed to reduce grass awns
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How is Dermatophilosis prevented?
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Remove animal from moisture or use rain blankets
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What is the life cycle of Dermatophilus?
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Motile cocci (zoospores) elongate into rods which divide in multiple planes to form the motile cocci.
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