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21 Cards in this Set

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How does communication change over the course of the second and third years of life?
It becomes more verbal

Attempts at communication increase in frequency

The range of intentions broadens
Why is it important to assess whether and how often a child communicates nonverbally?
Children with little speech but have other means of communication have a potentially strong foundation to support functional language growth.

Children with little or no nonverbal communication may need to learn the general purpose of communication.
According to Paul, what is the best way to assess communicative function?
By observing the child playing with preferred toys with a familiar adult.
What are the three dimensions of assessing nonverbal communication?
Range of communicative functions expressed

Frequency of communication

Means by which the child attempts to convey his or her messages
What are the two basic functions of early communication?
Proto-imperatives

Proto-declaratives
Proto-imperatives
Used to get an adult to do or not do something
Three types of proto-imperatives
Requests for objects

Requests for action

Rejections or protests
Proto-declaratives
Preverbal attempts at establishing social interaction or joint attention (most common is the comment)

Also, showing off
What are the higher level communicative functions called (appearing at around 18-24 months)
Discourse functions
Discourse functions
Refer to previous speech acts rather than objects or events in the world.
Types and descriptions of discourse functions
Requests for information - using language to learn about the world

Acknowledgments - providing notice that the previous utterance was received

Answers - responding to a request for info with a semantically appropriate remark.
Why should we determine whether the full range of the early developing intentions is being used?
It may be an important indicator of diagnostic category and prognosis
What is the progression (in terms of sophistication) of the forms of communication?
1. Gestural - 8-12 months

2. Gestures combined with word-like vocalizations containing consonants - 12-18 months

3. Conventional words or word combos with increased frequency to express a range of intentions - 18-24 months
For earlier functions, does form determine communicative level?
Yes
For later functions, does form determine communication level?
No
What are the essential characteristics of a communicative act?
1. Must be directed (primarily by gaze) to the adult

2. Must have the obvious intended effect on influencing adult behavior, focus of attention or state of knowledge

3. Child must persist if adult fails to respond or responds in a way the child did not intend
What do you need to be careful of/sensitive to when looking at analyzing communication?
Be careful not to blame the parent

Be sensitive to cultural differences
Why should you not rely solely on parental input about a child's receptive skills?
Kids use strategies to act like they understand more than they do.

There are often nonlinguistic cues in the home environment.
What are the phases of comprehension assessment (and how do you test for them)?
1. Nouns - put items on a table and say "give me the ______"

2. Verbs - give the child an item, then say "hit it," "throw it," etc.

3. Test semantic relationships - by trying things other than "do what you normally do"

4. Agent-action-object - child has baby and mommy dolls, then say "the baby feeds the mommy"
Are comprehension assessments standardized?
No. There is no set criteria for pass/fail at each level.
What is communicative intent?
A child's attempts at communicating, verbally or nonverbally with people around them.

Often includes eye contact, pointing, reaching, whining.