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86 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Which two components of the Basal Ganglia are referred to as the "Corpus Striatum?"
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Caudate and Putamen
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There are 5 structures that make up the basal ganglia. Name them.
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1. Caudate nucleus
2. Putamen 3. Globus Pallidus 4. Subthalamic nucleus 5. Substantia Nigra |
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The lenticulate nucleus is made up of which two structures?
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1. Globus Pallidus
2. Putamen |
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What are the two divisions of the substantia nigra?
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pars reticulata
pars compacta |
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T/F: Basal ganglia have direct access to spinal cord motor neurons.
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FALSE: They must use the thalamus as a "mediator"
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Basal Ganglia structures in relation to the internal capsule: The _________ is located medial to the anterior limb of the internal capsule
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head of the caudate nucleus
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Basal Ganglia structures in relation to the internal capsule: The thalamus is ___________ (med/lat) to the posterior limb of the Internal Capsule.
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Medial
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Basal Ganglia structures in relation to the internal capsule: The putamen and globus pallidus are __________ to the genu and anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule
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lateral to the genu and A & P limbs of the internal capsule
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Basal Ganglia structures in relation to the ventricular system: The ______________ forms the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle
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head and body of the caudate nucleus
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Basal Ganglia structures in relation to the ventricular system: The ______________ passes in the roof of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle.
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tail of the caudate nucleus
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Which basal ganglia structure forms the lateral walls of the third ventricle?
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Thalami
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Basal Ganglia Circuitry:
The _________ connects the cortex afferents to the caudate and putamen. |
Internal and External capsule
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Basal Ganglia Circuitry:
The lenticular fasciculus runs between the ___1________ and ____2____. The last structure runs directly to the ____3_____. |
1. globus pallidus
2. thalamic fasciculus. 3. Thalamus |
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Which basal ganglia structure is the principal player in determining proper movement?
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Subthalamic Nucleus
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Afferent fibers to the subthalamic nucleus come from? Efferent fibers from the subthalamic nucleus go to?
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Afferents: GPe (external segment of globus pallidus)
Efferents: GPi (internal segment of the globus pallidus) |
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Which basal ganglia structure can be functionally lumped together with the globus pallidus?
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SNr (substantia nigra, pars reticulata). Common fiber projection to the thalamus.
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What is the function of the substantia nigra, pars compacta?
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The SNc has dopamininergic neurons: it is an important source of afferents to the caudate and putamen.
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What are the two structures that send afferent fibers to the caudate and putamen (corpus striatum)?
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1. Cortex
2. SNc (substantia nigra, pars compacta) |
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The striatum influences the globus pallidus via 2 pathways: name them and describe their course.
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1. Direct pathway -> striatum to GPi (internal segment of globus pallidus)
2. Indirect pathway -> striatum to GPe to Subthalamic nucleus to GPi. |
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Levels of activity within the subthalamic nucleus appear to be key in controlling _________________.
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the initiation of movement
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All output from the striatum can be classified as __________.
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Inhibitory (via GABA)
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D1 receptors are ___________ and are mainly associated with which pathway? What about D2 receptors?
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D1 -> inhibitory, associated with indirect pathway
D2 -> excitatory, associated with direct pathway |
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What type of interneurons does the striatum contain? are they (+) or (-)?
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cholinergic interneurons (use acetylcholine). (+)
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Define:
1. akinesia 2. rigidity 3. tremors |
1. loss of the power of voluntary movement. slow to initiate movement
2. resistance to passive movement, stiffness 3. involuntary trembling |
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Define:
1. Chorea 2. Athetosis 3. Ballism |
1. dance-like involuntary mvmts. of the limbs
2. slow involuntary writhing mvmnt. of fingers & hands. 3. violent jerking or shaking mvmnt. of the limbs |
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Parkinson's disease is caused by ______________. Describe the state of a brain afflicted with PD.
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intrastriatal dopamine depletion.
nigro-striatal dopaminergic projections degenerate, pars compacta depigmented. |
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What type of reflexes would a patient with PD have?
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Normal reflexes
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Huntington's disease is caused by ___________. What is observed in this brain?
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caused by intrastriatal GABA depletion due to degeneration of the striatum. Cortical atrophy is observed
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Describe the activity of the subthalamic nucleus in a PD patient versus an HD patient
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PD -> subthalamic nuclei neurons are more active
HD -> subthalamic nuclei neurons are less active |
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What would cause hemiballismus?
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a subthalamic stroke. One subthalamic nucleus is obliterated resulting in contralateral hemiballismus
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What is the inheritance of Huntington's disease?
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autosomal dominant
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The thalamus can be divided into 3 main portions when viewed from above. Name them. What separates these?
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1. Anterior
2. Medial 3. Lateral internal medullary lamina separates the portions. (white matter) |
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When the thalamus is viewed from the lateral side there are 5 divisions in the ventral tier. Name them.
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1. Medial Geniculate Body
2. Lateral Geniculate Body 3. Ventral Posterior Nucleus 4. Ventral Lateral Nucleus 5. Ventral Anterior Nucleus |
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The medial geniculate body mediates _________ afferents, while the lateral geniculate nucleus mediates ______ efferents.
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auditory
visual |
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Which portion of the thalamus are the VPL and VPM found in?
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Ventral Posterior Nucleus
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In which portion of the thalamus are cerebellum efferents and basal ganglia afferents found?
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VLN (Ventral Lateral Nucleus)
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In which portion of the thalamus are some of the basal ganglia afferents found?
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VAN (Ventral Anterior Nucleus)
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In which portion of the thalamus are somatosensory afferents found?
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VPN (Ventral Posterior Nucleus)
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Why has the cerebellum been called a "comparator?"
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Because it compensates for errors in voluntary mvmnts. by comparing intention (from cortex) with performance (from ascending sensory systems)
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Where is the vermis of the cerebellum found?
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In the midline (vermis means worm, therefore the vermis looks like a worm)
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There are 3 lobes of the cerebellum. Name them
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1. Anterior lobe
2. Posterior lobe 3. Flocculonodular lobe |
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Which fissure separates the anterior lobe from the posterior lobe in the cerebellum?
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The primary fissure
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Which fissure separates the posterior lobe from the flocculonodular node?
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The posterolateral fissure
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The inferior cerebellar peduncle connects the __________ to the cerebellum.
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medulla and spinal cord
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The middle cerebellar peduncle connects the _________ to the cerebellum.
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basilar (ventral) pons
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The superior cerebellar peduncle connects the cerebellum to the ________.
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midbrain and thalamus
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Which cerebellar peduncles contain efferent and afferent fibers?
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1. Inferior and Middle Peduncles -> afferent
2. Superior peduncle -> efferent |
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The cerebellum is divided into 3 functional subdivisions. Name them
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1. vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)
2. spinocerebellum (medial) 3. cerebrocerebellum (lateral) |
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What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?
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governs eye movements and equilibrium during stance and gait
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What is the function of the spinocerebellum?
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controls posture and gross coordination
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What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?
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coordinates refined or skilled movements
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A lesion in which portion of the cerebellum would result in nystagmus?
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vestibulocerebellum - lesion manifests as vestibular symptoms
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What is the arbor vitae?
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"tree of life," the internal white matter of the cerebellum
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There are 3 cortical layers of the cerebellum. Name them from outside to in.
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1. Molecular layer (mostly fibers)
2. Purkinje cell layer 3. Granule cell layer |
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There are 4 pairs of deep nuclei in the cerebellum. Name them from lateral to medial.
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1. Dentate
2. Emboliform 3. Globose 4. Fastigal "Don't Eat Greasy Food" |
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Which 2 deep nuclei of the cerebellum are often combined and known as "interposed nuclei?"
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emboliform and globose nuclei
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Which nuclei of the cerebellum are associated with the spinocerebellum? How about the cerebrocerebellum?
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Spinocerebellum -> Emboliform, Globose, Fastigal
Cerebrocerebellum -> Dentate |
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A cerebellar hemisphere recieves ascending sensory information from the ___________ side of the body. (ipsi/contra)
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ipsilateral
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A cerebellar hemisphere recieves motor command information from the __________ cortex. (ipsi/contra)
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contralateral
it is then relayed and decussates at the pons. |
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a cerebellar hemisphere sends information back to the _______ motor cortex via the thalamus. (ipsi/contra)
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contralateral
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a cerebellar hemisphere is responsible for regulation of movement on the ________ side of the body. (ipsi/contra)
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ipsilateral
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Name the 2 cerebellar afferent pathways to the cerebrocerebellum.
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1. pontocerebellar fibers
2. olivocerebellar fibers |
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How do pontocerebellar fibers get to the cerebrocerebellum? What kind of information do they carry?
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via the middle cerebellar peduncle. they carry information from sensory and motor cortices.
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the pontocerebellar fibers recieve information from the cortex __________, then they project fibers _________ to the cerebrocerebellum. (ipsi/contra)
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recieve ipsilaterally
project contralaterally |
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What information do the olivocerebellar fibers transmit?
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info from spinal cord, brainstem and cortical sources
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Describe the pathway of the olivocerebellar fibers.
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from inferior olivary nucleus (which recieves and integrates info) to the contralateral cerebellar cortex via the inferior cerebellar peduncle
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There are 5 afferent pathways that end in the spinocerebellum. Name them.
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1. DSCT
2. Cuneocerebellar tract 3. VSCT 4. Olivocerebellar fibers 5. Trigeminocerebellar fibers |
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The DSCT, cuneocerebellar, olivocerebellar and trigeminocerebellar all project to the spinocerebellum via the ____________.
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inferior cerebellar peduncle
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The VSCT projects to the spinocerebellum via the ____________.
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superior cerebellar peduncle
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There are 2 pathways that project onto the vestibulocerebellum. Name them.
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1. vestibulocerebellar fibers
2. olivocerebellar fibers |
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There are two kinds of vestibulocerebellar fibers. What are they called and what is the difference?
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1. primary vestibulocerebellar afferents bypass vestibular nuclei & go directly to cerebellum. Secondary vestibulocerebellar afferents go through the nuclei
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How do the vestibulocerebellar fibers project to the vestibulocerebellum?
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via the juxtarestiform body
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Purkinje cells are ___________(+) or (-). Which neurotransmitter do they release?
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(-) inhibitory
release GABA |
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Purkinje cells are large: they are the primary way from the ____________ to the _____________.
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cerebellar cortex to the deep nuclei
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Purkinje neurons of the flocculonodular lobe project to the _____________ via the _____________.
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lateral vestibular nucleus
juxtarestiform body |
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Climbing fibers come from the ___________ and are ___ (+) or (-) to Purkinje cells and deep nuclei.
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inferior olive
(+) |
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Mossy fibers come from __________ and are (+) to the ________ and _________.
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everywhere but the inferior olive
deep nuclei and granule cells |
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The fastigal nucleus recieves input from the Purkinje neurons and projects ____1___ to the ____2____ via the ___3_____.
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1. bilaterally
2. vestibular complex 3. juxtarestiform body |
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The Globose, Emboliform & Dentate nuclei all recieve input from Purkinje cells and project to the ____1____ and _____2____ via the ______3__.
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1. red nucleus
2. ventrolateral thalamic nucleus 3. superior cerebellar peduncle |
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Define: ataxia
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inability to coordinate the muscles in voluntary movement (catch all term)
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Define: past pointing
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a systemic drift (to one side) of a directed movement. This is a vestibulocerebellar symptom
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What type of tremor is specific to cerebellar disorders?
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intention tremor
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Define: dysmetria
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inability to stop a mvmt at a desired point. (reach for coffee cup on table can't stop)
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Define: decomposition of movements
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movements broken down into its constituent parts
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Define: dysdiadochokinesia
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inability to perform rapid alternating movements
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What is masking of cerebellar signs?
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When there is a lesion in a cerebellar pathway but it is hidden in a CST lesion. (ie. paralysis)
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