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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lesions of orbital frontal cortex can lead to
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-sociopath behavior
-antisocial conduct -Pedophilia -In some instances damaga led to decrease in antisocial conduct |
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Cse of patient with pedophilia
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Person had a lymphoma that invated his frontal lobe. When the tumor was resected the pedophillia stopped. Years later he committed another pedophilic act and it was determined that tumor had grown again in the same area.
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The neural basis of human aggresion resembles
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that in animals such as the cat and the forms of aggression seen in humans parallel those observed in animals.
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Aggressive behavior appears as a component of numerous clinical disorders associated with abnormal brain function, including:
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affective disorders
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Aggression is not a unitary phenomenon and that there is more than one type of aggression
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Two type model
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Most classifications of aggression have no neurobiological basis.
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to have a neurobiological basis.
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whats the trigger of reactive aggression?
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Frustration/threatening event
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In reactive aggresiion, Low levels of danger from distant threats induce
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freezing
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In reactive aggresion, Higher levels of danger from close threats induce
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attempts to escape the immediate environment.
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Higher levels of danger still, when the threat is very close and escape is impossible, whats generated?
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reactive aggression.
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reactive aggression is mediated by
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“basic threat system”
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Basic threat system components
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Runs from medial amygdaloid areas downward,
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Basic threat system is regulated by
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by orbital, medial, and ventrolateral frontal cortex.
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Social and enviromental influences leading to violence
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Physical and sexual abuse.
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This type of aggression is initiated to achieve a goal
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Instrumental aggression. So, Purposeful and goal directed.
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How is Instrumental Aggression manifested in animal models
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Occurs during food seeking in certain
omnivorous and carnivorous species. |
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What components are involved in Instrumental Aggression
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temporal cortex, to represent the object, and striatal and premotor cortical neurons, to implement the action behavior.
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the selection of appropiate behavior to achieve goal is
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The amygdala and ventromedial frontal cortex
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Social/individual parameters that increase for Instrumental Aggression
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low SES and IQ.
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The only psychiatric condition known to increase the risk for Instrumental Aggression
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psychopathy.
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Normative and Maladaptive Aggression
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Not necessarily pathological.
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Reactive aggression is an appropriate response of
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the basic threat circuitry to a highly threatening stimulus.
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Instrumental aggression and decision making
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stealing food for a homeless individual.
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MAO-A polymorphism job is to
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Enzymatically clears serotonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine during brain development.
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what happens if MAO is knocked out in mice
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Knockout mice show increased aggressive behavior.
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Homozygous males for missense mutation in MAO-A gene show increased risk for
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reactive aggression.
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MAOA-L associated with:
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Significant reductions in volume of cingulate
gyrus, the amygdala bilaterally, and within the insula. |
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Effect of MAO-L on left amygdala in terms of activity
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Increased activity in the left amygdala and decreased response of subgenual (BA 25) and supragenual (BA 32) ventral cingulate cortex, left lateral OFC, and left insula when engaged in matching tasks for fearful and angry faces.
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Data indicates that the association of MAO-A with reactive aggression is mediated through
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the serotonin/norepinephrine/epinephrine levels that in turn are associated with increased responsiveness of the basic threat circuitry (increased amygdala activity to emotional faces with decreased reponsiveness within the frontal regulatory systems.
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5HT transporter polymorphisms
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Short form may be at increased risk for aggression
Short form associated with greater amygdaloid responses than long form to emotional faces.. |
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environmental factors leading to maladaptive reactive aggresion
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PTSD patients
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Neuocognitive Impairments Associated with Reactive Aggression
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Over responsiveness in the basic threat circuitry
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Overresponsiveness
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PTSD, BPD, Childhood BP, IED
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4 systems involved in the control of emotional responding and consequently reactive aggression:
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Regions of the frontal cortex that project excitatory connections to potentially inhibitory interneurons within the amygdala, leading to a reduction of amygdala activity.
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The main hormone involved with aggresion is
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testosterone
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Psycopathy is related to instrumental system maladaptation, and genetically is charactrized by
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Genetic factors – in a recent large twin study, callous/unemotional traits were shown to be strongly inheritable – 67%! At 7 and 9 years
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Psycopaths and fear
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Psychopaths fail to develop
fear response in anticipation of an adverse stimulus. |
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The neurobiology of the psychopath may be a constellation of problems:
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not enough constraint from the frontal cortex
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Reactive aggression and instrumental aggression differ not only in their behavioral form but
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in the brain structures that mediate them.
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Reactive aggression involves a motor response driven by
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the amygdala, hypothalamus, and PAG and is modulate by regions of the frontal cortex.
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Reactive aggression can become maladaptive if either
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the basic emotional response becomes overly responsive or because frontal regulatory systems become under responsive
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Instrumental aggression is mediated by
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the same brain structures that mediate other instrumental (goal-directed) actions.
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Maladaptive instrumental aggression occurs if
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the systems necessary for moral socialization or decision making are disrupted. Neural regions particularly implicated include the amygdala, vmPFC, and the nucleus accumbens.
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Autonomic arousal is not involved in
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predatory aggression
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In simple terms, the frontal cortex plays what role in anger?
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Applies the brakes on the impulses
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The psychopath can be conceptualized as having all of the following, except
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Activated frontal cortex.
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