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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the approximate rate of obesity in the United States?
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66%
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Which of the following is a marker of adiposity?
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Leptin
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Mutation in which receptor is the most common known single gene cause of obesity?
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Melanocortin
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Set Point Theory
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Body weight is more than a simple matter of energy input and output
The body appears to have a specific weight it tries to defend Genetic factors play a major role |
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Set point theory argument
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An example if that in adoption cases, the weight of the adopted child resembles that one of the biological parents
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Minnesota Starvation Experiment results
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Food obsessions: Reading cookbooks, collecting recipes, etc.
Depression Loss of libido One participant cut off three fingers with an axe Overall basal metabolic rate decreased Lower body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate their bodies were desperately trying to conserve energy |
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how body regulates energy expenditure to protect us
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Two Main Control Points
Appetite and Energy Expenditure |
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2 types of homeostatic Mechanism
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Short term
Long term |
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Short Term control
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Primarily affect meal size, not energy storage
Three main types of signal: Nutrients, particularly glucose Stomach distention GI hormones |
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Cholecystokinin
Ghrelin |
Cholecystokinin – satiety marker
Ghrelin – stimulates hunger. May also play a role in long-term control. Loss of ghrelin production may be one reason for the success of gastric bypass surgery |
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All the signals that lead to appetite control are integrated into
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hypothalamus
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Long Term Control
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Adiposity signals: Leptin and insulin
Hypothalamic systems |
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Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
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Main site for energy metabolism regulation
Body's largest concentration of leptin receptors Two main groups of neurons: Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) Neuropeptide Y (NPY) |
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Proopiomelanocortin function
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Work to decrease eating
Stimulated by leptin Produce -melanocyte stimulating hormone (  -MSH), which suppresses food intake via the melanocortin receptors (remember especially MC4 receptors). Also produce cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript Do NOT antagonize NPY neurons |
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Neuropeptide Y (NPY) function
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Work to increase eating
Inhibited by leptin Produces agouti-related peptide (AGRP), which antagonizes MC4 receptors (remember this is the receptor activated by -MSH) Antagonize POMC neurons via GABA-ergic projections |
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Both of the neural populations (POMC and NPY) project to
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the lateral hypothalamic area and to the paraventricular hypothalamus
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Lateral Hypothalamic Area primarily deals with
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ood-seeking behavior, as this area subsequently projects to the cerebral cortex
Stimulation increases appetite Injury can reduce appetite |
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Paraventricular Hypothalamus primarily concerned with
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metabolic regulation, as this area subsequently projects to the pituitary (TRH, CRH) and to the autonomic nervous system.
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About 4% of obese people have mutations at
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MC4 receptor and it is the most common known genetic cause of obesity
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Calorie-rich foods increase dopamine levels in
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the ventral striatum and stimulate endorphin release
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The nucleus accumbens sends dopaminergic projections to
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the hypothalamus
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Obese people have reduced striatal D2 receptor populations, similar to findings in
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drug addicts (methamphetamine and cocaine).
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obese people have impaired dopamine release with food intake and lower
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dopamine levels at baseline.
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