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101 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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what is malt and what flavors
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Cereal grains are made to germinate by soaking in water, and are then halted from germinating further by drying with heat
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sweet, caramel, burnt sugar |
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what are hops and what flavors
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Hops are the female flower clusters (commonly called seed cones or strobiles), of a hop species, Humulus lupulus
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bitter, floral, citrus |
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difference between ale and lager
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The main difference between the two comes from the type of yeast used and the fermentation process.
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Ale yeasts are simply Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The taxonomy of lager yeasts seems to be changing over time by scientists. It started out being called Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Since then lager yeasts have been referred to as Saccharomyces uvarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae vars uvarum, and Saccharomyces pastorianus. For simplicity, lager yeasts can be broken down into 2 species: S. uvarum and S. pastorianus. They are both believed to be hybrids: S. uvarum = S. cerevisiae + S. monacensis S. pastorianus = S. cerevisiae + S. bayanus Lager yeasts can metabolize at cooler temperatures than ale yeasts. Correspondingly, they can undergo stress at cooler temperatures than ale yeasts. Lager yeasts also produce different proportions of flavor-active compounds than ale yeasts (sulfur compounds and diacetyl are 2 good examples). Lager yeasts don't bind together as nicely as ale yeast. Therefore, they form smaller colonies and a smaller krausen. The can also ferment a few more sugars than ale yeasts. Ale yeasts cannot ferment melibiose, but lager yeasts can. Ale yeasts can partially ferment raffinose, but lager yeasts can fully ferment raffinose. However, since the quantity of these sugars in wort is so low, it's rarely a noticeable increase in attenuation. |
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earliest records of beer
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Babylonian times in early Mesopotamia. Earliest recipe of any kind was for a beer recorded on a Sumerian tablet.
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first brewery in Canada, who opened when and where
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Louis Prud’homme, Montreal 1650
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when was the early peak of Canadian brewing at what number of breweries
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1880s, 80 breweries
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what were the dates of Ontario Prohibition
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1916-1927
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year of inception of LCBO and Brewer's Retail Inc
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1927
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Who owns The Beer Store and what are some of their brands
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Molson/Coors (48.5%), InBev SA (48.5%), Sapporo (3%)
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Molson: Rickard's, Creemore Springs, Heineken, Corona, MGD. InBev: Labatt, Stella Artois, Beck's, Alexander Keith's, Lakeport Pilsner, Budweiser (license) Sapporo: Sleeman |
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who caused the Decline of Choice in Ontario
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E.P Taylor
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What was EP Taylor's brewing company called and what were the max and min brands offered
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Brading's Brewery (Ottawa) swelled to 30 breweries in Ontario
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max 150 brands, min 8 |
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When was the renaissance of Ontario beer
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1980s
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disenchanted with choice, imported beers had spotty quality, home brewers lead to microbreweries |
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first brewpub in Canada
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Horseshoe Bay Brewing Company, 1982
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first craft brewery in Canada (what province), and what was first in AB, and ON
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Granville Island Brewing Company, 1984
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Soon after followed by Big Rock of Calgary, and by Ontario brewing pioneers Brick Brewing, Upper Canada and Wellington County |
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Why is water important to the history of beer
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boiled = safe
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why is a private supply of water important historically
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need reliable source. Also, consistency of water important for consistent beer
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what kind of water is used in Czech Pilsners
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soft: about 30.8 ppm mineral content
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what kind of water used in Pale Ales or Bitters
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High mineral content: up to 1226 ppm in Burton-on-Trent
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what are the 3 minerals of highest concern in beer making
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Calcium, Sulfate and Chloride
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what is calcium's effect on beer
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increasing the extract from both malt and hops during mashing and boiling.
Reducing haze Decreasing color (the only negative) |
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what is sulfate's effect on beer
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enhances hop bitterness and dryness
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what is chloride's effect on beer and where are they naturally high
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fuller texture
enhanced sweetness |
high in London and Dublin (home to Porter and Stout) |
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What is malt made from
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usually barley, but sometimes wheat or other cereals
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what are the four quadrants of barley to be used in malt
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Spring, Winter
2 row, 6 row |
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what are the differences between Spring and Winter barley
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Spring barley gives soft and clean malty note
Winter Barley is hardier, and more robust. Used in British and Belgian Ales |
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what are the differences between 2 row and 6 row barley
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2 row is known for softer and cleaner flavors.
6 row imparts sharper taste |
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what fuel is used in malt kilning
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Historically wood or peat. Now mostly use "hot air"
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list some examples of malts (3)
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pale, carastan, chocolate
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How are hops grown
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tall trellised vine hand harvested from a ladder
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what are hops flowers processed into
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whole flowers, pellets, oil
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when were hops introduced
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8th century in general but not in Britain until 15-16th century
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what flavors were used prior to hops (5)
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juniper berries, grains of paradise, coriander, orange peel, bog myrtle and more
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what are noble hops
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individual variety of hops used singly. Imparts a skunky aroma. Can be hard to distinguish between this intentional flavor and beer that's gone off due to improper storage
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what are the 5 hops in the noble hop family
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Saaz (Czech)
Hallertau (replaced by hardier Hersbrucker in the 1970s), Tettnang, Spalt (Germany) |
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what styles of beer is Saaz hops used in
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Czech Pilsners, Golden Ales
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what styles of beer are Northern Brewer, Brewers Gold, Goldings and Fuggles hops used in
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British Ales
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what styles of beer are Cluster and Cascade hops used in
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American Pale Ales, India Pale Ales
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when was yeast discovered
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19th century
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prior to the discovery of yeast, how was beer fermented
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wild, airborne yeast. "magic stick". Fermentation foam head preserved and moved from one batch to the next
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Who cultivated a single yeast first for beer fermentation and when
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Emil Hansen of Carlsberg in late 1800s
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how important is yeast selection to the final beer
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Very. Breweries kept very clean to avoid infecting/mutating the yeast. In case of issue the beer would be dumped and an offsite yeast brought in to restart brewing
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what are some common beer adjuncts (5)
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rice, corn, dextrose, corn syrup, malt extract
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why are adjuncts used in beer brewing
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cheaper fermentable sugars. Common in national and discount brands. Exception: Belgian ales use candy sugar and it's a good thing
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what is a lambic
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brewed with wild yeast
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what is the "home of stout"
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Dublin
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what is the "home of porter"
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London
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what are the 6 main steps in brewing
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1) milling the malt
2) steeping the malt in the mash ton (~3 hours) 3) boiling the wort in the kettle (1.5 hours) with bittering hops 4) adding finishing/aroma hops (~5 minutes) 5) transfered to fermenter and yeast added 6) conditioned in conditioning tank then fined, filtered and packaged |
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in what form does the malt arrive at the factory
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full grain. It is milled prior to adding to hot water in the mash ton
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what is the structure of the mash ton
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sieve bottom so wort drains through and is pumped back on top. Large paddles on top of seive to stir water and malt together
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when and how many hops steps are there
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add bittering hops at the beginning of the 1.5 hour boil in the kettle then more hops around 5 minutes before stopping the boil for aroma. Sometimes called finishing hops. Can be the same type of hops as the bittering hops
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what is the structure of the kettle
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jacketted (usually stainless). Can circulate steam for even heat (applies to mash ton as well).
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what is the product of the mash ton called
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wort
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what is the product of the kettle called
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bitterwort
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why is bitterwort put through a heat exchanger
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to cool before adding yeast (the boiling bitterwort would kill the yeast)
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what happens in the conditioning tank
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beer is matured, fined, filtered then packaged
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What is the Reinheitsgebot
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Bavarian Purity Law of 1516
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What does the Reinheitsgebot state
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Beer can only be made from water, hops and barley (note that other malted cereals are excluded. note also that yeast was not discovered yet and since then the addition of yeast was explicitly allowed under this purity law)
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why was the Reinheitsgebot introduced
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to guarantee safe beer (good ingredients) and to protect Bavarian brewers from outside competition.
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does the Reinheitsgebot guarantee quality?
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only of ingredients, not of finished product
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Can minerals be added/removed from municipal water to produce any style of beer
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Yes
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2 v 6 row refers to...
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# kernels on each ear
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What is the one good example of use of adjuncts
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candy sugar in Belgian Ale
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how long can the the lagering process take
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up to 6 months
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name four differences between lager and ale fermentation
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lager slow (6m) ale fast (6d)
lager cool (5C) ale warm (26C) lager fermented dry ale has residual sugar (fruitiness) lager bottom fermented ale top fermented |
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what does the work lager come from
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the German word "to store". First lagers brewed in caves to maintain low temperature during long fermentation
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describe a flavor difference between lager and ale
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lagers being dry are often described as crisp. Ales have some residual sugar and are perceived as fruity.
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is beer evaluated in the same way as wine
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yes: terms are different but process the same
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Ale and lager can be thought of as red and white wine. Which is which?
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Lager is white wine and Ale is red wine.
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The acidity in wine is equal to what in beer?
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Hoppiness
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Pairing with foods can be one of two types. Name the types.
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Complementary or contrasting
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Complementary: Nutbrown or porter with stew or Belgian white with pad thai. Contrasting: Stout and oysters or pilsner and chicken carbonara. |
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T/F: Keep the beer sweeter than the dessert.
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True
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What are three main reasons for choosing the correct glassware?
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Aromas, flavours and preserving/dissipating the collar of foam
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What is the classic region for Pale Ales?
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Burton-on-Trent
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What is the difference between a session ale and a pale ale?
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Session ales lower in alcohol than pale ales.
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examples of session ales are bitters and milds |
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Name the British hops used in pale ales.
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Challenger, Fuggles, (East Kent) Goldings, Target
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Why were IPAs invented?
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Hops are good preservative for the long trip to India.
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What was added to balance the high hops in IPA?
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Malt - which led to higher alcohols (which is also a preservative)
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What is the heartland of new world IPAs?
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West coast of USA, Colorado and New England
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Higher hop rates in beer are comparable to what in wine?
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Higher oak
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NOTE: Not the backlash in beer that there has been in wine. |
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What do Hop Heads believe?
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More is more
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Name the classic hops in American IPAs.
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Chinook, Cascade, Amarillo, Willamette, Yakima, and many others
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What is the alcohol range for pale ales, milds, bitters and ESB?
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Milds (aka session ales): 2.5-3.5%
Bitters: 3.6-4.9% ESB: 5-5.9% Pale Ales: 4.6-5.9% aIPA: 6-6.9% Imperial IPA: >7% (aka double IPA) |
NOTE: bitters refers to draft and pale ale refers to the bottle product |
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What is an international bittering unit?
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It measures the amount of bitterness in a beer by quantifying the amount of hops added to a beer.
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NOTE: Addition of malt changes the perception of bitterness. |
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What is alpha acid percent?
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The amount of bitterness imparted by an amount of hops of equal weight.
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Eg: Chinook at 14% vs Saaz at 5% (alpha acid levels) |
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What is dry hopping?
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Addition of hops in the fermenter or conditioning tank to achieve greater hop aroma.
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NOTE: The process is like steeping the hops in a bag like a tea bag. This is frequently used to tweak for special occasions. |
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Why was CAMRA started and when? What does CAMRA stand for?
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Campaign for Real Ale: It came about as a backlash to the popularity of lagers. 1971
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What temperature is real ale served?
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Cellar temperature
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How is real ale delivered to the glass?
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It is pumped from the firkin by the use of a beer engine without the use of CO2 or N2.
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Where does the term pulling a pint come from?
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It comes from the pulling motion required to start a beer engine.
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Who is John Oland
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Started Moosehead the same year as Canada was born 1867
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When was prohibition in PEI
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1900-1948
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when was prohibition in the US
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1919-1933
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What was the first craft brewery in ON
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Brick in 1984
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what was the first craft brewery in Alberta
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Big Rock in 1984
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When was Sleeman reopened
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1987
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what was the first craft brewery in BC
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Granville Island in 1984...also first in Canada
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Describe a Bock
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strongest Lager
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what beer style in Czechvar
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Czech Pilsner
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Konig Pilsner
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German Pilsner
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what style of beer is Brooklyn Lager
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Vienna Lager
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What style of beer if Victory Prima Pils
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Czech Pilsner
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