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200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The word testament means
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covenant
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means bond or fetter
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b’rit
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The OT is venerated as sacred scripture by
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. Jews, Christians, and Muslims
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The NT is venerated as sacred scripture
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by Christians and Muslims
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The New Testament includes at least four distinct literary forms
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Gospel
Historical Narrative Epistles Apocalypse |
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the Acts of the Apostles
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Historical Narrative
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glad tidings.” The word gospel is best translated as “good news.”
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Gospel
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emerged before texts began appearing in around AD 50.
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oral tradition
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literally an “unveiling.” Revelation in the NT and some other places
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Apocalypse
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(letters) by Paul and others
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Epistles
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an associate of Peter and Paul
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John Mark
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regarded as the first writer of a gospel
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John Mark
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The NT was written in
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Koine
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common” Greek
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Koine
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Some books are polished
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Hebrews, Luke, Acts
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The NT is influenced by the Greek translation of the OT known as the
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Septuagint
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The NT also shows the influence of
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Aramaic and Hebrew
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We have no original documents, known as
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autographs
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consists of the books accepted by the early church as divinely inspired Scripture.
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canon
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At first, Christians did not have any of the books contained in our New Testament. they depended, therefore, on The Old Testament An oral tradition about Jesus’ teaching and redemptive work
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Direct revelation from God through Christian prophets
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constructed his own canon that included most of Paul’s epistles and Luke
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Marcion
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The earliest list of NT books containing only our 27 appeared in
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367 in a letter of Athanasius
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Bishop of Alexandria
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Athanasius
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The formation of the NT canon was not a
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conciliar decision
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The earliest ecumenical council
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Nicaea in 325
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The first undisputed decision of a council on the canon seems to be from
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Carthage in 397
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The formation of the NT canon must, therefore, be regarded as a
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process and historical matter
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which means authorship by an apostle or by an apostalic associate and thus also a date of writing within the apostalic period
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apostalicity
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Different criteria for canonicity have been suggested. Most important seems to have been
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apostalicity
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The attempt to discover what the Bible is saying is called
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hermeneutics
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constructed his own canon that included most of Paul’s epistles and Luke
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Marcion
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The earliest list of NT books containing only our 27 appeared in
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367 in a letter of Athanasius
|
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Bishop of Alexandria
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Athanasius
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The formation of the NT canon was not a
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conciliar decision
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The earliest ecumenical council
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Nicaea in 325
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The first undisputed decision of a council on the canon seems to be from
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Carthage in 397
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The formation of the NT canon must, therefore, be regarded as a
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process and historical matter
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which means authorship by an apostle or by an apostalic associate and thus also a date of writing within the apostalic period
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apostalicity
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Different criteria for canonicity have been suggested. Most important seems to have been
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apostalicity
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The attempt to discover what the Bible is saying is called
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hermeneutics
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an accurate exposition (bringing out) of what the passage really says
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Exegesis
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reading into Scripture ideas that are not really there.
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Eisegesis
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seeing less in a text than is really there.
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Apogesis
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provide us with a number of tools to employ as we seek a proper hermeneutical method.
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Biblical critics
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Four kinds of biblical criticism may be easily distinguished:
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Textual critics
Linguistic critics Literary critics Historical critics |
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study the various manuscript copies of the parts of the Bible preserved from ancient times
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Textual critics
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study the biblical languages in an attempt to explain the meanings and uses of the various words and phrases used in the OT and NT.
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Linguistic critics
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study the various books in an attempt to understand the nature and forms of the literature they contain
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Literary critics
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delve into the historical background and circumstances reflected in a book and out of which it came
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Historical critics
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describes the study of Scripture from the standpoint of literature
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Higher Criticism
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Higher Criticism
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source criticism
Form criticism Redaction criticism |
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investigate the character of the sources, brings history to bear upon the work
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source criticism
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encourages the recognition of literary units according to their form
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Form criticism
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This study investigates the editorial motivation involved in the production of a work with particular reference to the viewpoint expressed.
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Redaction criticism
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figurative discourse where abstract ideas are personified
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Allegory
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attempt to read NT truth back into an OT Scripture
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Spiritualizing
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planned unfolding of future events revealed in a person, place, event, object, or institution.
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Typology
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beliefs about God in His singular unity
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Theology
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beliefs about Jesus and his role as savior
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Christology
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beliefs about the Holy Spirit
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Pneumatology
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about the nature of salvation
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Soteriology
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beliefs about the church and its role in salvation history
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Ecclesiology
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beliefs about the end of human history or “last things
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Eschatology
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can be active or passive in meaning, referring either to the act of revealing or uncovering or to that which has been revealed or uncovered
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Revelation
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refers to God’s revelation of Himself in creation and in the continuing work of His providence (governing) over the creation
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General revelation
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specific ways to selected individuals or groups chosen by God to receive particular revelations of his person or will
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special revelations
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God did not reveal all of himself or his purpose at one time. Rather, he made a sequence of revelations
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Progressive Revelation
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Jesus Christ specifically stated that he did not come into the world to destroy the law and the prophets, but to fulfill them
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Progressive Revelation
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). God willed that some of His revelation be written down so that His redemptive acts in former generations might serve as examples to those who came later
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inscripturation
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breathed out by God.”
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5. Inspiration
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run counter to the priority of original meaning of interpretation
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allegory, spiritualizing and typology
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lands of the Bible
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Fertile Crescent
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Aegean peoples known as the Philistines who inhabited the coastal plain soon before the arrival of the Israelites
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Palestine
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. The land of Palestine may be understood to have four major topographical zones Moving from west to east, they are the
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Coastal Plain, the Central or Western Hill Country, the Jordan Rift Valley, and the Transjordan Plateau.
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miles north to south from Tyre to the River Besor
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The Coastal Plain
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runs for about 165 miles from Dan in the north to the southern tip of the Dead Sea.
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The Jordan Rift Valley
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mountains of Samaria in the north, the plain of Benjamin in the center, and the hill country of Judah in the south
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The Hill Country
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mountainous regions traversed by wadis or dry stream beds
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The Transjordan Plateau
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day, Palestine was divided into three distinct regions moving from the north to south.
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Galilee
Samaria Judea |
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northernmost, Jesus grew up in this region (Nazareth) and lived there as an adult (Capernaum). Much of his adult ministry is situated in this region
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Galilee
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central region, was avoided by Jews for religious and cultural reasons
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Samaria
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southernmost region of Palestine Jerusalem and Jericho are located in this region
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Judea
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.) The four centuries between the end of Old Testament history and the beginning of New Testament history make up
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the intertestimental period
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sometimes called “the four hundred silent years”
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the intertestimental period
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Greek culture
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Hellenism
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New Testament times Greek was the street language even in
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Rome
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Two of the parts are important for New Testament historical background
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Ptolemaic and the Seleucid
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The Ptolemaic Empire centered
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Egypt.
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capital of The Ptolemaic Empire centered
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Alexandria
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The rulers who succeeded each other in governing that empire were called the
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Ptolemies
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who died in 30 B.C., was the last of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Cleopatra
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The Seleucid Empire was centered in
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Syria
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was its capital of The Seleucid Empire
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Antioch
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A number of of The Seleucid Empire rulers were named
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Seleucus, several others Antiochus
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made Syria a Roman province in 64 B.C
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Pompey
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sandwiched between Egypt and Syria
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Palestine
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Seventy-two Jewish scholars began to translate the Hebrew Old Testament into a Greek version called the
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Septuagint
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Translation of the what came first
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Pentateuch
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Seleucid rulers
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Antiochus III
Antiochus IV or Epiphanes Jason Menelaus |
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defeated Egypt in 198 B.C
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Antiochus III
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Hellenizer who started making Jerusalem into a Greek city
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Antiochus IV
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). The Syrian king replaced the Jewish High Priest Onias III with Onias’s brother Jason
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Antiochus IV or Epiphanes (175-163 B.C.)
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Jews who opposed the paganization of their culture were called
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Hasidim or Hasideans
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pious people
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Hasidim or Hasideans
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Antiochus Epiphanes replaced Jason with
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Menelaus
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whos attempt to annex Egypt failed
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Antiochus’s
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Antiochus heard of this and sent his soldiers to restore Menelaus, who sas the general
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Apollonius
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Pagan sacrifices became compulsory, as did processional marching in honor of
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Dionysius
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Judah declares a celebration of the Maccabean victory when
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165 on the 25th day of the month of Kislev
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This celebration comes to be known as Hanukah, the
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feast or festival of lights.
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Jewish resistance to the oppression imposed by
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Antiochus IV Ephiphanes
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where was jeswish military uprisning started by Mattathias
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Modein
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fled to the mountains but emerged as leaders of the Jewish revolt that followed
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Mattathias
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Mattathias’s family is called
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Hasmoneans
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nickname given to Judas, one of Mattathias’s sons
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Maccabeus
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led the rebels in highly successful guerilla warfare until they were able to defeat the Syrians (Seleucids) in battle
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Judas
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triggered a civil war between pro-Hellenistic and anti-Hellenistic Jews.
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Maccabean Revolt
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expelled the Syrian troops from their citadel in Jerusalem, regained religious freedom, rededicated the temple, and conquered Palestine
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Maccabees
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Judas was killed in battle in 160 B.C. His brothers succeded him
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Jonathan and Simon
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began to rebuild Jerusalem and assumed the high priestly office
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Jonathan
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Jewish resistance to the oppression imposed by
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Antiochus IV Ephiphanes
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where was jeswish military uprisning started by Mattathias
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Modein
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fled to the mountains but emerged as leaders of the Jewish revolt that followed
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Mattathias
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Mattathias’s family is called
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Hasmoneans
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nickname given to Judas, one of Mattathias’s sons
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Maccabeus
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led the rebels in highly successful guerilla warfare until they were able to defeat the Syrians (Seleucids) in battle
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Judas
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triggered a civil war between pro-Hellenistic and anti-Hellenistic Jews.
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Maccabean Revolt
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expelled the Syrian troops from their citadel in Jerusalem, regained religious freedom, rededicated the temple, and conquered Palestine
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Maccabees
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Judas was killed in battle in 160 B.C. His brothers succeded him
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Jonathan and Simon
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began to rebuild Jerusalem and assumed the high priestly office
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Jonathan
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gained recognition of Judean independence from Demetrius II, a contestant for the Seleucid throne, and renewed a treaty with Rome originally made by Judas
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Simon
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“the great high priest and commander and leader of the Jews, uniting in himself religious, military, and political leadership over the Jewish state.
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Simon
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(142-37 B.C.)
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Hasmonean dynasty
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During this time the religiously minded pious ones
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Hasidim
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During this time the religiously minded Hasidim (“pious ones”) became the
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Pharisees and the Essenes.
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The aristocratic and politically minded supporters of the Hasmonean priest-kings became the
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Sadducees
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Roman general Pompey subjugated Palestine in
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63 B.C.
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ended in victory for Rome in 146 B.C
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Carthage
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Conquests in the eastern end of the Mediterranean Basin
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Pompey
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Conquests by Pompey by Julius Caesar where
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Gaul
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defeated the forces of his rival Antony and the Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra in a naval battle off the coast of Actium, Greece in 31 B.C
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Octavian (Augustus)
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the first Roman emperor
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Octavian (Augustus)
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Thus Rome passed from a period of expansion to a period of peace, known as the
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Pax Romana
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Nevertheless, the prevailing unity and political stability of the Roman Empire facilitated the spread of
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Christianity
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There were two kinds of provinces
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senatorial and imperial
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answered to the Roman senate, which appointed them over senatorial provinces,
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Proconsuls
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appointed by the emperor, usually over financial matters
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procurators
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Alongside the proconsuls stood
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procurators
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governed the imperial provinces
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Propraetors
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exercised their civil and military authority by means of standing armies
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Propraetors
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under whom Jesus was born
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Augustus
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under whom Jesus publically ministered and died
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Tiberius
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who demanded worship of himself and ordered his statue placed in the temple in Jerusalem
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Caligula
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who expelled Jewish residents from Rome, including Aquila and Priscilla (Acts 18:2), for civil disturbance
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Claudius
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who persecuted Christians
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Nero
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who as a general began to crush a Jewish revolt
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Vespacian
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He returned to Rome to become emperor, and left completion of the military task to his son Titus
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Vespacian
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whose persecution of the church may have provided a background for Revelation, written to encourage oppressed Christians.
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Domitian
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destroyed Jerusalem and the temple in A.D. 70.
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Titus
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was the religious capital for all Jews
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Jerusalem
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citizen of Judah
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Jew
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land of the Philistines
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Palestine
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origin is unclear, though probably in the Babylonian Exile
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Synagogue
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became the single institution to survive the holocaust of AD 70
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Synagogue
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is responsible for preserving the Jewish faith across almost 2000 years without a Temple
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Synagogue
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destroyed in AD 70 by the Roman general
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Titus
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Constituted by 10 Jewish males
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Synagogue
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containing the sacred scrolls
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ark
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center of attention of the synagogue is the
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ark
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Worship, consisting of Psalms singing and Torah reading is overseen by
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the ruler of the synagogue
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primarily a school or center of teaching for the Jews.
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synagogue
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fixed and permanent form of the ancient movable tabernacle that goes back to Moses
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Temple
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The earliest temple was built by
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Solomon
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destroyed in 587 BC
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Solomon temple
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A second temple was built by
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Zerubbabel
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reconstruction taken up by
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Herod the Great
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All Jews of the world who were physically and financially able to do so made pilgrimages to the Temple for the annual feasts of
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Passover, Pentecost, and Tabernacles
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as an exceedingly powerful figure in Jewish life.
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High Priest
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High Priest was normally selected from a small group of families which constituted an aristocracy among the Jews. A good case in point was
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Annas
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High Priest of Jesus’ trial, was his son-in-law.
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Caiaphas
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prophets of their day, were laymen
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Scribes
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Most of them seem to have been members of the Party of the Pharisees
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Scribes
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Jesus was probably looked on by some as a
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Scribes
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A “court of seventy” overseen by the High Priest
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The Sanhedrin
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this court exercised executive, judicial, and legislative authority.
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The Sanhedrin
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separated one
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Pharisees
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To insure proper relationships with God, they taught a rigid adherence to the entire Law
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Pharisees
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build a fences around the Law
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Pharisees
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and cultural elites whose name is taken from Zadok, Solomon’s high priest.
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Sadducees
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were the conservatives of the first century.
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Sadducees
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They accepted only what could taught as clearly presented in the Torah
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Sadducees
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did not accept the Prophets and the Writings of the Hebrew Bible and they did not believe in angels, demons, or resurrection from the dead.
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Sadducees
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This group is not mentioned in the New Testament
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Essenes
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essenes were headquartered at near the northwest shore of the Dead Sea
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Qumran
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true remnant and harbored great eschatological expectations.
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Essenes
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They practices ritual baptism and may have influenced John the Baptist.
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Essenes
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most famous for their compilation of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
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Essenes
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were Zealots
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Judas the Galilean
Simon the Zealot |
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Herod the Great is succeeded by his sons
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Archelaus, Antipas, and Philip.
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85 to 90 percent of the population. These people have no political power or distinctive religious affiliation. They are typically poor
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The People of the Land
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