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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mitosis is mainly used for what?
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Growth & Repair
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Meiosis is mainly used for what?
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Formation of gametes
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What is genetics?
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The study of heredity and variation
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What is heredity?
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The transfer of properties from one generation to the next
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What scientist studies peas to try and deduce heritability and what year did he begin?
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Gregor Mendel 1857
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Why did Mendel chose to study peas?
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Hybrids could be produced
Many pea varieties available Peas are small and easy to grow Peas can self-fertilize or be cross-fertilized |
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Why are humans not good subjects for genetics research?
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Generation time is too long
Parents produce relatively low offspring Breeding experiments are unacceptable |
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Character is to ____ as trait is to ____.
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Gene
Alleles |
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Alleles are to ____ as genes are to ____.
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Trait
Character |
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In peas, flower color is a ____ and purple or white are the ____.
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Character/gene
Alleles/trait |
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In peas, what is an example of a gene?
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flower color
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In peas, what is and example of an allele?
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Purple or white
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Each gene is a section of what?
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DNA that codes for a protein
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What is a genes "address" on a chromosome?
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Locus
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Plants and animals are diploid, what does this mean?
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They have two sets of the same DNA
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Diploid organisms have two copies of each chromosome or pairs, what is each pair called?
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Homologous chromosomes
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How are alleles with dominance written?
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With a big letter
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How are alleles with recessive written?
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With a small letter
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If an allele is recessive, it has a ____ protein.
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Non-funtional
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If an allele is dominant, it has a ____ protein.
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Functional
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What is the P generation?
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The parents
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What is the F1 generation?
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First offspring
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What is the F2 generation?
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Offspring of F1
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If two parents have the allele, AA or aa, what kind of parents are they?
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Truebreeding parents
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If you were to have true breeding parents what would the F1 generation be?
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Hybrids
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What is a phenotype?
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What you see in the plant, its traits. Purple
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What is a genotype?
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The genetic makeup, its alleles. Pp
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Pp is an example of a ____.
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Genotype
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Purple is an example of a ____.
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Phenotype
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Phenotype is to ____ as genotype is to ____.
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Trait
Alleles |
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The ratio of which generatoin can help determine wich allele is dominant?
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F2
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If something was heterozygous, what would its genotype look like?
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Bb
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If something was homozygous, what would its genotype look like?
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BB or bb
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If something was homozygous dominant, what would its genotype look like?
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BB
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If something was homozygous recessive, what would its genotype look like?
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bb
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What is the phenotype ratio of the offspring of two heterozygous parents?
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3:1 (Purple:White)
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What is the genotype ratio of the offspring of two heterozygous parents?
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1:2:1 (BB:Bb:bb)
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What is a monohybrid cross?
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Looking at just a single character (gene)
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What is a dihybrid cross?
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Looking at two different characters (genes) at the same time.
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How many squares are in a Punnet square looking at two genes?
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16
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If both parents were RrHh, what would the offsprings phenotype ratio be?
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9:3:3:1
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Two copies of a gene seperate during meiosis to form gametes is an example of what principle?
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Principle of Segregation
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Gametes are rejoined at random during fertilization is an example of what principle?
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Principle of Segregation
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The Principle of Independent Assortment says what?
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In a dihybrid cross, the alleles of each gene assort independently
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Gentetic differences in cells arise from what?
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Crossing over
Random alignment of homologues in metaphase I Random fusion of gametes |
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How many genetic differences per parent and how many together?
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8 million per parent
64 trillion together |
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The rule of addition is used with what kind of Punnet squares?
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Single
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What does Mendel's model of inheritance assume?
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Each trait is controlled by a single gene
Each gene only has 2 alleles There is a clear dominant-recessive relationship between the alleles |
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What occurs when multiple genes are involved in controlling the phenotype of a trait?
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Polygenic inheritance
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What is polygenic inheritance?
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When multiple genes are involved in controlling the phenotype of a trait
Multiple genes effecting 1 phenotype. Ex. Skin color |
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What are quantitative traits?
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Ones that show continous variation
Ones involved in polygenic inheritance |
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What is pleiotropy?
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An allele which has more than one effect on the phenotype.
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What is an allele which has more than one effect on the phenotype?
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Pleiotropy
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What are two examples of pleiotropy?
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Cystic Fibrosis
Sickle Cell Anemia |
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What is incomplete dominance?
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When the heterozygote is intermediate in phenotype between the two homozygotes.
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What is an example of incomplete dominance?
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AA Black lab
Aa Chocolate Lab aa Yellow lab |
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If a CRCR (Red) parent and a CWCW (White) parent have a CRCW (Pink) in F1, what is this an example of.
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Incomplete dominance
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Blood type is an example of what?
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Codominance
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What is codominance?
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When the heterozygote shows some aspect of the phenotypes of both homozygotes.
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What is the genotype for the blood phenotype A?
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IAIA or IAi
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What is the genotype for the blood phenotype B?
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IBIB or IBi
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What is the genotype for the blood phenotype AB?
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IAIB
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What is the genotype for the blood phenotype O?
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ii
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Phenotype for a character can also depend on ____ as well as genotype?
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Environment
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What is a pedigree?
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A family tree that describes the relationships of parents and children across generations
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What is a family tree that describes the relationships of parents and children across generations?
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Pedigree
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In a family tree a square is usually what sex? a circle is usually what sex? shaded in usually means what?
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Square = Male
Circle = Female Shade = Affected |
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To suffer from a recessive dissorder an individual must be ____.
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Homozygous recessive
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All carriers of recessive disorders are ____.
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Heterozygous
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What are a few dominant disorders?
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Achondorplasia (dwarfism)
Huntington's disease |
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What was Thomas Morgan famous for?
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Sex linked chromosomes in Drosophila
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When are genes linked?
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When they are on the same chromosome
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Sex-linked traits are typically controlled by genes presented on the ____ chromosome.
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X
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Out of the two X's in a female one is always inactivated and becomes a ____.
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Barr body
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Where does a Barr body occur?
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Cells of only females
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Why are females a mosaic of gene expression?
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Because one of their X chromosomes are randomly inactivated
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When would linked genes not be inherited together?
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Cross over
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If genes do not sort independently then the are ____ genes.
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Linked
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In fruit flies, why were non-parental phenotypes produced if they were had linked genes?
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Genetic recombination
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Phenotypes that match the parents are called ____.
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Parental types
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Phenotypes that are different from the parents are called ____.
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Recombinants
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What are recombinant types?
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Phenotypes that are different fromo the parents
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What is the percentage of recombination for any two genes on different chromosomes?
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50%
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Are the chances of recombination high or low if two genes are close on a chromosome?
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Low
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There is more of a chance of crossing over if ...
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The two genes are farther apart on a chromosome
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What is the formula for recombination frequency?
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(Number of recombinant offspring/total number of offspring) X 100 = %
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What did Sturtevant do?
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Genetic mapping of linked genes
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What is a genetic map of a chromosome based on recombination frequencies called?
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Linkage Map
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On a linkage map, what is one map unit equal to?
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1% recombination frequency
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What are the common types of Chromosomal alteration?
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Non-disjunction
Direct alteration of chromosome structures |
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What is non-disjunction?
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When pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate during meiosis.
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What is it called when one gamete receives some, and the other gamete receives no copy?
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Non-disjunction
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Down syndromes has a higher percentage under what circumstance.
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The higher the age of the mother
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What is non-disjunction in sex chromosomes?
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When there is an extra X or Y in the person
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What is polyploidy? Where is it found more/least often?
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Having 3 or more sets of chromosomes
More in plants/less in animals |
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What is it called if a cell has 3 or more sets of chromosomes?
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Polyploidy
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What are the ways alteration of chromosomes can happen?
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Deletion- removes a part
Duplication - repeats a part Inversion - flips a part to its opposite Translocation - crossing over for non homologous chromosomes |
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In alteration, what is it called if a part is removed?
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Deletion
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In alteration, what is it called if a part is repeated?
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Duplication
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In alteration, what is it called if a part is flipped to its opposite?
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Inversion
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In alteration, what is it called if crossing over occurs for non homologous chromosomes?
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Translocation
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Cri du caht, results from what?
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Deletion of chromosome 5
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Whatr did Watson and Crick do?
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Figured out the structure of DNA
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What did Hershey and Chase do?
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nucleotides contain the programming information
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What did Chargaff do?
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Nucleotide composition
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What did Franklin do?
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x-ray crystalograph
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Who suggested that replication was semi-conservative?
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Watson and Crick
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Who concluded that replication was semi-conservative?
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Meselson and Stahl
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Who concluded that replication was semi-conservative?
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Meselson and Stahl
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DNA's replication is ____.
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Semi-conservative
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What concluded that replication was semi-conservative?
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Mesilson and Stahl
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DNA's replication is ____.
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Semi conservative
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DNA is ____ because it is attached inverted.
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Anti-parallel
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DNA is read and synthesized in only one direction, what is it?
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5' to 3'
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Where does DNA replication start?
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Origin of Replication
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What is created outward from the origin of replication?
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A bubble
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What is the point called where the original and sister DNA are splitting?
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Replication Fork
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How many origin or replication spots are there in bacteria? in eukaryotes?
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1
100-1000 |
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What does Helicase do?
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Unwinds DNA
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Which enzyme unwinds DNA?
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Helicase
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What does primase do?
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Synthesis RNA primer
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What enzyme synthesis RNA primer?
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Primase
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What does DNA polymerase III do?
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Adds nucleotides
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What enzyme adds nucleotides?
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DNA polymerase III
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What does DNA polymerase I do?
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Pulls out RNA and replaces with DNA
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Which enzyme pulls out RNA and replace it with DNA?
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DNA polymerase I
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What does DNA ligase do?
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Closes all gaps
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Which enzyme closes all the gaps?
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DNA ligase
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What are Okazaki fragments?
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Chunks of lagging strand
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What are the chunks of lagging strand called?
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Okazaki fragments
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What are the two strands called during replication?
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Leading and lagging strands
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