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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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study of relationships among organisms and the environment
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ecology
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a group of interbreeding individuals of one species occupying a habitat at the same time
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population
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includes all populations of organisms in a given area
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community
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a community plus its nonliving environment
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ecosystem
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the physical location where the members of a population live
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habitat
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the number of individuals of a species per unit area or unit volume
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population density
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the population density can be counted ____ in an area
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individually
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_____ _____ are used for larger numbers of individuals
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sampling techniques
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how individuals are scattered through a habitat
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population distribution
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three types of population distribution:
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random
uniform clumped |
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the ____ distribution occurs most often
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clumped
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the number of individuals in the population
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population size
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population size can be increased by ___ and ____
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birth
immigration |
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population size can be decreased by ____ and ____
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death
emigration |
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the number of births individuals produced per individual per unite time
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birth rate
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the number of deaths per unit time
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death rate
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if birth rate is higher than the death rate, the population ____
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grows
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if birth rate is lower than death rate, population ____
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shrinks
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the difference between birth rate and death rate
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per capita rate of increase
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population dynamics is described in an equation as
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G = rN
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r =
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per capita rate of increase
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G =
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number of individuals adding during any time interval
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N =
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initial population size
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G = rN
describes ____ growth |
exponential
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when exponential growth is graphed, a ___ shaped curve appears
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J
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total population size can be calculated as
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G + N
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a population growing by a constant (r)/time is growing ____
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exponentially
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population size is increasing by ever increasing increments
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exponential growth
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exponential growth needs ___ resources
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unlimited
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3 realities of exponential growth:
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resources run out
waste products accumulate predation and disease |
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the maximum number of individuals that the habitat can support indefinitely
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carrying capacity
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carrying capacity is considered __ growth
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logistic
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when logistics growth is graphed a ___ shaped curve appears
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s
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equations for logistic growth
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G=rN (K-N) / K
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carrying capacity is determined by two limiting factors
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density dependent
density independent |
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density ___ factors include mainly biotic
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dependent
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examples of density dependent factors include
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space, nutrients, sunlight, food, mates
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examples of density independent factors include
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earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions and severe weather
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measures the amount of land area needed to support a person's or country's life stye
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ecological footprint
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the total of all the resources a species requires for its survival, growth and reproduction
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niche
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the total number of species occupying a habitat
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species richness
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describes the portion of the community
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relative abundance
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close associates among species
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symbiotic relationship
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three major types of symbiotic relationships
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mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
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type of symbiotic relationship in which both partners benefit
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mutualism
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type of symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits but the other is not significantly affected
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commensalism
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type of symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits but the other is harmed or killed
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parasitism
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___ passes through food chains
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energy
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series of levels that successively eat each other
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food chain
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a position in the food chain
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trophic level
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in a food chain, each level ONLY eats...
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the level below it
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usually, only ___ trophic levels can be sports in most ecosystems
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4
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organism that makes its own food from CO2, H2O, and other inorganic substances
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autotroph
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autotrophs capture ____
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solar energy
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once an autotroph captures solar energy, it converts it to ____
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glucose
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glucose is stored in the body of an autotroph as (2)
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cellular respiration
stored in the body as new tissue production |
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herbivores are considered ___ consumer
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primary
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herbivores only eat ___ producers
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primary
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carnivores only eat ___ consumers
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secondary
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____ don't really fit in a food chain
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decomposers
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essential to the ecosystem cycle and recycle of materials
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decomposers
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___ do not eat all of the level below it
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consumers
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____ do not digest all that is eaten
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consumers
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___ loses energy to heat
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consumers
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on average, about __% of energy is passed on to the next trophic level
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10
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in the food chain, eventually, all energy is lost to ____
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heat
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an unusable form of energy
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heat
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a chemical the becomes more concentrated in organisms at successfully higher trophic levels
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biomagnification
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biomagnification affects pollutants or chemicals that: (2)
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dissolve in fat
not readily degradable |
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the portion of the earth where life exists
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biosphere
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the ___ is one huge ecosystem
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biosphere
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major types of ecosystems
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biomes
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two characteristics of biomes
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large land areas
each has a particular climate (dictates the kind of species found there) |
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this biome has the largest bio diversity of species
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tropical rainforest
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tropical rainforests encircle the ___
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equator
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tropical rain forests have temperatures that are constantly ___ and ___
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warm and moist
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this biome has lots of vegetation
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tropical rain forests
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thèse biomes are found between 30 degrees and 60 degrees north latitude
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temperate deciduous and coniferous forests
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___ forests are dominated by tress that shed leaves in the autumn and winter
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deciduous
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___ forests have mostly evergreen conifer trees
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coniferous
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temperate, deciduous and coniferous forests are found in 3 prime locations
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east coast of the US
europe china |
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the taiga is also known as the ___
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boreal forest
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the taiga is found north of the ___ in the ___ hemisphere
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temperate zone and northern
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the taiga has a ___ climate
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cold and snowy
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the taiga consists mainly of ___
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pines furs and spuces
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the taiga is found in the three main locations
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canada
northern europe northern asia |
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there are different grass lands depending on ____
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climate
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three characteristics of tropical savanna
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scattered trees and shrubs, warm climate, wet and dry seasons
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tropical savannas are located in ___
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africa
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three characteristics of temperate grasslands
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prairie, mostly grasses, hardly any trees
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temperate grasslands are found in three main areas
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mid west of US, steppes in russia, pampas of argentina
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in prairies the weather travels from ___ and ___
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west to east
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in prairies the further ___ the more rainfall
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east
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in short grass prairies there is less than ___ inches of rain a year
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12
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short grass parries grow grasses about ___ tall
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12 inches to 18 inches
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___ prairies are range land for cattle
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short grass
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___ prairies have more than 12" of rain per year
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mixed grass prairie
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___ grass prairies grow grasses about 12 - 48 inches tall
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mixed grass
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___ grass prairies have more than 20 inches of rain per year
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tall grass
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___ grass prairies grow grasses uo to six feet tall
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tall grass
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___ prairies are mostly used for growing corn and wheat
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tall grass
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deserts get less than ___ cm of rainfall per year
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20
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deserts ring around the world at ___ north and south latitude
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30 degrees
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___ in an increasing biome due to deforestation and over graving
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deserts
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Mediterranean shrub lands are also known as
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chaparral
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the chaparral is found in three main locations
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along the west coasts of north and south america, australia, and south africa
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in the chaparral the summers are __ and the winters are ___
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hot and dry and warm and moist
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this is a low temperature biome
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tundra
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forming locations of the tundra
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northern parts of north america, europe, asia, and the outer part of antartica
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the tundra has ___ winters
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snow covered, cold and dark
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the primary characteristic of this biome is ____
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permafrost
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a biomes that is found in the north and south poles
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the polar ice caps
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polar ice caps are extremely __ and __
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dry and cold
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in the north pole the polar ice caps are a __ over the arctic ocean
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thin ice
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in the south pole the polar ice caps are a __ over a land mass
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thick ice
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study the preservation of bio diversity at all levels
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conservation biologists
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conservation biologists try to determine why species ___
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dissapear
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conservation biologists develop new strategies for ___ diversity
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maintaining
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this is the main cause of diminishing bio diversity
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habitat destruction
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humans have altered nearly __ of the land on the planet
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50%
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four types of habitat destruction
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deforestation
desertification altering river ecosystems alteration of estuaries |
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the removal of all tree cover in forested area
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deforestation
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deforestation promotes three things
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erosion
climate changes pollution |
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an example of deforestation is
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prairies that are converted in to agriculture
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the process of expanding desert land
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desertification
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desertification is due to three things
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deforestation
drought over grazing |
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altering river ecosystems includes ___
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levies, dams, reservoirs
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alterations of estuaries in coastal regions include
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draining of wetlands to be filled in to build roads, houses, mining and agriculture
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any chemical, physical, biological change in the environment that harms living organisms is called
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pollution
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two kinds of pollution
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water and air
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raw sewage in the water may result in
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disease
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three kinds of air pollution
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smog, acid deposition and destroying the ozone layer
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three characteristics of smog
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mixure of fog and smoke makes haze that comes from emissions
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acid rain has a ph of about
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5.6
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acid deposition comes from ___
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burning fossil fuels
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protects the earth from harmful uv radiation
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ozone layer
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the ozone layer is destroyed mainly by ___
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cfc's
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a global shift to temperature and weather patterns
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global climate change
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an increase in the surface temperature caused by heat trapping gasses in the earths atmosphere forming gases that are part of the greenhouse effect
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carbon dioxide
methane nitrous oxide cfc's |
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an introduced or non native species
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exotic envaders
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many introduces species ___ or ___
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die or not cause any harm
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an introduces species must begin ___ in its new location and __ widely from the original point of introduction
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breeding and spread
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examples of an invasive species is
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brown tree snake
gypsies moss kudzu chestnut blight |
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harvesting a species faster than it can reproduce
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over exploitation
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two types of over exploitation
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over hunting
illegal animal markets |
