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35 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Describe how gold and iron are fundamentally different elements.
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They have different numbers of protons in their nucleus (different atomic number). Iron has 26, and gold has 79.
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Are all atoms of the same element identical?
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No, depending on the number of neutrons in the nucleus, there are different forms of atoms for each element, called isotopes.
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What makes an atom a certain element?
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The number of protons in the nucleus.
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Why are atoms the basic building blocks of matter?
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They cannot be reduced to any simpler set of component substances (things that can exist by themselves as matter)
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Name the three subatomic particles.
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Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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Which contribute weight/mass?
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The nucleus accounts for almost all of the atom's weight (protons and neutrons)
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What are the charges for the 3 subatomic particles?
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Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have a neutral charge, electrons have a negative charge
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What is contained within the nucleus?
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The nucleus consists of tightly packed protons and neutrons
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What particles allow atoms to interact with eachother and determine their chemical properties?
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Electrons allow atoms to interact with eachother and determine their chemical properties
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What are the 3 types of chemical bonds?
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ionic bond, covalent bond, hydrogen bond
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Describe ionic bonding
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gives up electrons and has strong electronegativity, strongest bond
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Describe covalent bonding
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shares electrons and has mild electronegativity, middle strength bond
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Describe hydrogen bonding
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attraction because of different polarities on molecules, weakest bond
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What does it mean to be chemically inert?
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to be initially stable with a full outer shell (the noble gases)
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How many electrons are needed to fill the first outer shell? The rest of the outer shells?
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2, 8
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What does the atomic number also equal?
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the number of protons and the number of neutrons
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Define polar molecule
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a difference in charge on one end opposed to the other (ex: water)
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Define nonpolar molecule
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no difference in charge on one end compared to another
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What is the difference between atomic number and atomic weight/mass?
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atomic number is the number of protons existing in an atom. Atomic mass is the total weight of the protons and neutrons in an atom.
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How do isotopes atomic weight/mass?
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With different isotopes, the atomic mass will change because a different number of neutrons, and neutrons make up a lot of the atomic weight
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What is an isotope?
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A form of an element as defined by the number of neutrons in the nucleus
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Explain electronegativy in ionic bonding.
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electronegativity differences are so extreme that electrons are pulled off one atom and attach to the one attracting it. they are held together by electrostatic attraction
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What is an ion?
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an atom that has gotten electrical charge by the loss or gain of electrons. an atom with an electron number that differs from the proton number
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What are noble gasses? Why are these happy atoms?
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Noble gasses do not combine chemically with other materials. H, N, A, Kr, X, Ra. "Happy atoms" because they have full outer shells from the start.
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Why is chemical compound shape is important?
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Molecular shape is important because it lets them carry out processes/determines to what extent molecules can "bind" with eachother. ex: asparagus pee! signal/receptor molecules!
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Describe the unique properties of water.
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Can dissolve more compounds than any other liquid (best solvent, hydrogen bonds). Ice is less dense than water (irony, allows life under the ocean). Water has a high specific heat (slow to change temp, "heat buffer", absorbs and retains heat, slow to steam).
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Describe the importance of water to life on earth
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All living things derive from water, humans are 66 percent water. No living thing can be fully functional without water. Is a medium for chemical reactions, a solvent.
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Compare and contrast solid and liquid water.
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in ice, the max number of h bonds form, causing spread out molecules. in liquid, hydrogen bonds constantly break and reform = more dense spacing.
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Why do oil and water not mix?
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oil doesnt dissolve in water because oil has almost no electrical charge that water can bond with. Water cant separete 1 oil molecule from another, "hydrophobic", oil stays concentrated even as it spreads
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Define solutes, solvens, and solutions.
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Solute: thing being dissolved. Solvent: thing substance is dissolved in. Solution: mix of 2 or more molecules, atoms, or ions.
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Explain how water is a universal organic solvent.
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It has great ability to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules. It can dissolve more compounds in greater amounts than any other liquid.
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What is an acid?
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yeilds hydrogen ions (battery acid, lemon juice)
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What is a base?
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accepts Hydrogen ions (bleach, baking soda)
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True or false: the higher the Ph, the more basic the solution
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TRUE
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what is 0 on the ph scale? 14?
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0 is acid, 14 is base, 7 is neutral (water)
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