Bio 168 okilson

Thin, flat, with a nucleic bulge

Square shaped cell

Distinctly taller than wide

Irregular angular shape

Starlike shape

Round to oval

Disk-like

Spindle shaped

Thread-like

Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions. Examples are mitochondria, centrioles, lysosomes

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4 - Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular

Plasma membrane which is composed of lips and proteins

Organization
Cellular composition
Metabolism
Responsiveness to simuli
Homeostasis
Development
Reproduction
Evolution

The study of structure

200

the study of body function

bones along the central axis of the human body

sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the brain

smallest living unit of structure and function

smallest unit of an element or of matter

combination of two or ore atoms

collection of different tissues working together

many organs working together

Collection of similar cells working together

the body is assumed to be standing, the feet together, the arms to the side, and the head and eyes and palms of the hands facing forwards.

study of disease

Standing face forward or laying gon your back hands at sides, palms forward

Laying on your stomach

PATIENT'S, NOT YOURS, bitch!

pertaining to or toward the front plane of the body, equivalent to the ventral surface of quadrupeds

pertaining to or toward the rear end of the body

pertaining to or toward the rear end of the body,
Situated on or toward the upper side of the body, equivalent to the back, or posterior, in humans

Nearer to a point of reference such as an origin, a point of attachment,

situated farthest from the center, median line, or point of attachment or origin

On the same side VS on the opposite side

divides body into anterior/posterior sections

horizontal or cross-sectional

Longitudinal (right and left)

Head cavity

the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart

the part of the thoracic cavity that lies between the lungs, containing the heart, trachea, etc.

the space that lies between the pleura, the two thin membranes that line and surround the lungs. The pleural cavity contains a small amount of a thin fluid known as the pleural fluid, which provides lubrication as the lungs expand and contract during respiration

body cavity that consists of the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

Organs located in the large cavity of body trunk are termed as visceral organs. These visceral organs include vital organs like heart, liver, kidney.

RUQ LUQ
RLQ LLQ

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular

Nervous
Endocrine

Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary

pertaining to or composed of skin

A system of organs that produces chemicals that go into the bloodstream to reach other organs whose functioning they affect (aka hormones)

pertaining to lymph, the clear fluid that is collected from tissues, flows through special vessels, and joins the venous circulation.

systems working together to maintain stable internal conditions

constant fluctuations that bring about a stable condition

within normal range

ouside of normal range

Nervous and endocrine systems

Failure to maintain homeostasis

all chemical activities occurring in the body, the rate at which the body uses chemicals for structure and function

maintenance of cellular boundaries
metabolism
responsiveness (both internally and externally)
division (growth, development, repair)
internal movement
differentiation
reproduction

Fewer than 30

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxigen
Phosphorus
Potassium (Kalium)
Iodine
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Calcium
Iron (Ferrum)

plus Sodium
Clorine
Copper
Cobalt

C. HOPKIN'S CaFe plus Na, Cl, Cu, Co

HCNO - Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen

Molecule - 2+ atoms of same chemical
Compound - Molecules of different elements bonded together

mostly form inorganic molecules
weak in water

capable of conducting electricity in water (Na Cl), are held together with ionic bonds

tend to form organic molecules
strong in water

form temporary, weak bonds
usually attach molecules to one another
involved in cohesiveness/adhesiveness

Solvent
transporter
lubricant/cushion
stabilizes body temperature
medium for chemical reactions

O2 and CO2

Positive and negative

In the nervous/muscular system

an organism that can live in the absence of air or oxygen

Salt

power of hydrogen, H increases in the direction of 0 on the pH scale, becoming more acidic;
H decreases in the direction of 14 on the pH, becoming more alcaline

substance that dissociated in H2O and releases H+ (HCl)

blood H+ is high, pH is less than 7.0

blood H+ is low, pH is above 7.0

7.0

minimize pH change caused by excess acids or bases, converts strong acids or bases into a weaker acid or base (act as sponges to absorb or release H+)

Turned or rotated (the hand or forearm) so that the palm faces up or forward.

Turned into the prone position

Situated on or toward the upper side of the body, equivalent to the back, or posterior, in humans

toward the head

Toward the front

Toward the back, toward the tail

Above, over

Below, under

Towards the center of the body

Away from the medial

Close/Far

Of, relating to, or consisting of an appendage or appendages, especially the limb

near the surface or outside of,
external

C based
covalently bonded
insoluble in water
perform complex body functions
form macromolecules - carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

body's building blocks and main sources of cell energy and

monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) - immediate
disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
polysaccharides (starch, cellulose)

It is the intercellular fluid, and it is has:
H2O
Sugar
AA (amino acids)
Hormones
Salts
Electrolytes

Extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid. It is:

Plasma
Lymph
Saliva
Tears
Spinal fluid
Urine
Body cavity fluid
H2O

It can be acidic or alcaline

stored energy, protection, insulation, membrane structure and vitamins

Fatty acids (simplest form)
Triglycerides (most plentiful in body and diet)
Phospholipids (make up cell membrane)
Steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones, cortisol, bile, Vit D)

Building blocks (repair, maintenance), made up of polypeptides (series of amino acids)

series of amino acids

C based
covalently bonded
insoluble in water
perform complex body functions
form macromolecules - carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

body's building blocks and main sources of cell energy and

monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) - immediate
disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
polysaccharides (starch, cellulose)

It is the intercellular fluid, and it is has:
H2O
Sugar
AA (amino acids)
Hormones
Salts
Electrolytes

Extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid. It is:

Plasma
Lymph
Saliva
Tears
Spinal fluid
Urine
Body cavity fluid
H2O

It can be acidic or alcaline

stored energy, protection, insulation, membrane structure and vitamins

Fatty acids (simplest form)
Triglycerides (most plentiful in body and diet)
Phospholipids (make up cell membrane)
Steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones, cortisol, bile, Vit D)

Building blocks (repair, maintenance), made up of polypeptides (series of amino acids)

series of amino acids

C based
covalently bonded
insoluble in water
perform complex body functions
form macromolecules - carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

C based
covalently bonded
insoluble in water
perform complex body functions
form macromolecules - carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

body's building blocks and main sources of cell energy and

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) - immediate
disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
polysaccharides (starch, cellulose)

C based
covalently bonded
insoluble in water
perform complex body functions
form macromolecules - carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

body's building blocks and main sources of cell energy and

C based
covalently bonded
insoluble in water
perform complex body functions
form macromolecules - carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

It is the intercellular fluid, and it is has:
H2O
Sugar
AA (amino acids)
Hormones
Salts
Electrolytes

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) - immediate
disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
polysaccharides (starch, cellulose)

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid. It is:

Plasma
Lymph
Saliva
Tears
Spinal fluid
Urine
Body cavity fluid
H2O

It can be acidic or alcaline

body's building blocks and main sources of cell energy and

body's building blocks and main sources of cell energy and

It is the intercellular fluid, and it is has:
H2O
Sugar
AA (amino acids)
Hormones
Salts
Electrolytes

stored energy, protection, insulation, membrane structure and vitamins

monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) - immediate
disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
polysaccharides (starch, cellulose)

monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) - immediate
disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
polysaccharides (starch, cellulose)

Extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid. It is:

Plasma
Lymph
Saliva
Tears
Spinal fluid
Urine
Body cavity fluid
H2O

It can be acidic or alcaline

Fatty acids (simplest form)
Triglycerides (most plentiful in body and diet)
Phospholipids (make up cell membrane)
Steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones, cortisol, bile, Vit D)

It is the intercellular fluid, and it is has:
H2O
Sugar
AA (amino acids)
Hormones
Salts
Electrolytes

It is the intercellular fluid, and it is has:
H2O
Sugar
AA (amino acids)
Hormones
Salts
Electrolytes

stored energy, protection, insulation, membrane structure and vitamins

Building blocks (repair, maintenance), made up of polypeptides (series of amino acids)

Fatty acids (simplest form)
Triglycerides (most plentiful in body and diet)
Phospholipids (make up cell membrane)
Steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones, cortisol, bile, Vit D)

Extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid. It is:

Plasma
Lymph
Saliva
Tears
Spinal fluid
Urine
Body cavity fluid
H2O

It can be acidic or alcaline

Extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid. It is:

Plasma
Lymph
Saliva
Tears
Spinal fluid
Urine
Body cavity fluid
H2O

It can be acidic or alcaline

stored energy, protection, insulation, membrane structure and vitamins

Building blocks (repair, maintenance), made up of polypeptides (series of amino acids)

series of amino acids

stored energy, protection, insulation, membrane structure and vitamins

Fatty acids (simplest form)
Triglycerides (most plentiful in body and diet)
Phospholipids (make up cell membrane)
Steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones, cortisol, bile, Vit D)

series of amino acids

Fatty acids (simplest form)
Triglycerides (most plentiful in body and diet)
Phospholipids (make up cell membrane)
Steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones, cortisol, bile, Vit D)

Building blocks (repair, maintenance), made up of polypeptides (series of amino acids)

Building blocks (repair, maintenance), made up of polypeptides (series of amino acids)

series of amino acids

series of amino acids

the building blocks of proteins

movement (muscles)
structure (muscles/skin)
trasport (02 lipoproteins)
cellular communication (hormones)
defense (antibodies)
catalytic (enzymes = regulate biochemical reactions (aka digestive/metabolic) - highly specific

biological molecules that catalyze chemical reactions

chain of small protein

ase

Adenosine triphosphate - energy molecule, the exact energy source that sells need

they contain genetic material, it is DNA and RNA - deoxyribonucleic acid (composed of genes aka traits) and ribonucleic acid aka relay instructions from genes

the only one made in and by the body

made by bacteria in the large intestine

organic compounds VS inorganic compounds from plant extracts in the soil

basic uit of structure and function in the body, biochemical "factory" - responsible for metabolism

plasma membrane
cytoplasm (watery liquid)
nucleus

phospholipid bilayer and membrane proteins

phosphate/lipids/cholesterol/glycolipids
forms cell boundary

channels (pores)
carriers (transporters)
receptors
enzymes
linkers (anchor cells to one another)
identity markers

a property of the plasma membrane - regulares exchanges between ECF/ICF gradient, shape, solubility and charges

movement from the place of high concentration to place of low concentration (cheap perfume spreading through the room)

Temperature - the higher the temp, the faster the diffusion, also size, also charge (aka opposites attract)

a type of diffusion in which only water moves through the plasma membrane (not what the water is carrying)

amount of solute of either side of the plasma membrane

Solute is the substance being disolved, solvent is H2O, Solution is the result

normal saline solution aka 0.9% for NaCl

hypOtonic - bloated, adema - swelling, the water is inside, less salt outside the cell, more salt inside the cell

Reverse of hypOtonic solution - shriveled cell with the water and salt being on the outside the cell

The study of tissues

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular

-covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and hollow organs
-secretes substances
-forms glands

Characteristics:
-have a free surface toward the exterior
-avascular (fed by diffusion)
-stretch
-rapid replacement
-consists of closely adhering cells
-one or more layers thick
-cells are so tightly packed that the matrix (ground substance, extracellular fluid) cannot be seen

-Simple (single layer)
-Stratified (more than one layer)
-Pseudo-stratified (looks like many layers but isn't)

-most diverse and abundant of the tissues
-binds organs together, stores energy reserves (fat) and helps provide immunity
-vascular except for cartilage

bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose, blood/lymph

-the characteristics of the cells
-the function of the matrix (extracellular fluid)
-relative amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix

layer between an epithlium and the underlying connective tissue

By the type of the top layer

-Simple cubiodal
-Simple columnar
-simple squamous
-pseudostratified

-Not all cells reach the free surface
-Looks stratified
-Shorter cells are covered by taller cells
-Every cell reaches the basement membrane

opening of a vessel or a tube

slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body, are like grass on the bottom of ocean, are important for movement

Wineglass-type cell that secrets mucus, important for lubrication

cell layers become flat and scaly toward surface (the bottom of the foot) to resist abrasion retards water loss through skin, resists penetration by pathogenic organisms. They are dead and have no nuclei

Same as keratinized but without the dead layer (tongue, vagina, esophagus). Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens

Changes from round to flat when stretched
The urinary tract and blader (to contain urine)

-Highly vascularized
-cells occupy less space than the extracellular material
-binds organs to each other, supports and protects organs
-most cells of connective tissue are not in direct contact with each other (separated by extracellular material)
-most abundant, widely distributed, histologically variable of teh primary tissues

-Fibrous connective tissue
-Adipose (fat)
-Cartilage
-Bone
-Blood

Dense or loose

-Mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts
-forms supportive stroma for organs

fat tissue, a type of connective tissue. These are empty-looking cells with the nucleus pressed up against cell membrane
energy storage, insulation, cushioning