BIO 1B Ecology Flashcards Flash Cards

Play Memory | Create Card File | Append to Card File
Title: BIO 1B Ecology Flashcards
Description: Summer 2008 Ecology unit vocabulary in preperation for Ecology Midterm
Number of Cards: 175
Save Count: 0
Author: thesams11
Created: 2010-03-04
Tags: 55 ap-ib ecology summer
Private No

Save Count represents the number of people who have saved this card set to their flashcard list. Consider this an endorsement!

    • Question
    • Answer
    • Side 3
    • natural history
    • study of nature, natural objects, and natural phenomena through observational and descriptive study over long periods of time
    • hypothesis
    • assertion/working explanation that leads to a prediction
    • Karl Poppper
    • demonstrated the assymetry between falsification and verification
    • fact
    • truth known by actual experience/observation
    • theory
    • set of propositions explaining a whole class of phenomena
    • experimental science
    • involves making predictions and testing in lab/field
    • historical science
    • posing hypotheses that postulate particular past causes for currently observablephenomena (ex. cladistics)
    • controlled variables
    • those that are held constant during experiment
    • ecology
    • comprehensive science of relationship of organism of environment, concerned with individual, population, community, and biosphere
    • macroclimate
    • large scale features (within planet, continent, or country)
    • microclimate
    • fine scale
    • macroclimate features
    • 1. latitudinal variation
      2. seasonal variation in sunlight
      3. global air circulation and precipitation
      4. global wind patterns
    • coriolis effect
    • apparent deflection of winds and ocean currents as a result of rotation of the earth
    • ethology
    • scientific study of animal behavior
    • behavior ecology
    • emphasizes evolutionary hypothesis for animal behavior based on assumption that animals increase their fitness by optimal behavior
    • ultimate behavior
    • evolutionary reason for exitence of behavior
    • proximate behavior
    • immediate cause and/or mechanism underlying behavior
    • optimal behavior
    • behavior that maximizes fitness
    • monogamy
    • prolonged pair bond
    • polygamy
    • one/both sexes has mor ethan 1 mate
    • polygyny
    • one male and many females
    • polyandry
    • one female and many males
    • promiscuity
    • both sexes have many mates
    • reciprocal altruism
    • expectation that favor will be returned in future
    • apparent altruism
    • looks altruistic but not altruistic
    • ecophysiology
    • study of individual performance in context of their immediate environment
    • population
    • group of individuals of same species that can freely interbreed and is partly/wholly isolated from other populations of that same species
    • density
    • number of individuals per unit in area/volume
    • age structure
    • proportion of individuals in different age groups
    • ways of measuring population density
    • 1. count directly
      2. use a quadrat and scale up
      3. Mark-Recapture Method
      4. PIT tags
    • Mark-Recapture method
    • mark a sample of the population, release back into population, and take another sample to calculate total population size. then calculate density.
      N=(m x n)/x
      assumes marked population will completely intermix back into population with no emigration/immigration
      BEST for moving populations
    • PIT tags
    • "Passive Integrated Transponder" that is inserted into organism and tracks movement of organisms. movement recorded to infer population size and density.
    • random
    • most rare distribution in nature, where location of one organism does not affect the location of another organism
    • uniform
    • even spacing that can be caused by antagonistic behavior that is why they repell each other
    • clumped
    • individuals grouped together following flocking behavior that can include environmental heterogeneity, where resources clumped so distribution clumped
    • demography
    • study of factors that influences growth and decline of a population
    • fecundity
    • reproductive rate
    • mortality
    • death rate
    • cohort
    • group of individuals of same age
    • census
    • acquiring information from every individual in population
    • survivorship
    • proportion of individuals of a given age group that survive
    • survivorship curves
    • type 1 = mortality tends to be low when they are young
      type 2 = constant proportion of individuals dying regardless of age
      type 3 = high mortality in early age, survivors live a long time
    • life history
    • significant features of populations regarding the life cycle
    • life history traits
    • characters that have an important influence on life scale
    • traits of life history
    • size
      rate of growth
      reproduction
      frequency of reproduction
      number of offspring
    • semelparous
    • reproduces in one episode
    • iteroparous
    • reproduces in multiple episodes
    • clutch
    • amount of offspring in one episode of reproduction
    • trade-offs
    • every trait could be better, but making it better could make somehthing else worse
    • limitations of trade-offs
    • allocation to growth/activity/maintenance/reproduction compromises time/energy/nutrients tot he others
    • bet-hedging
    • when an organism faces a trade-off, one possibility is to diversify strategy to gaurd against loss
    • factors affecting population size
    • [+] births + immigration
      [-] deaths + emigration
    • BIDE equation
    • N(t+1)=Nt+B+I-D-E
    • discrete time
    • change in N = rN
    • continuous time
    • dN/dt = Nt + rN
    • competition
    • interaction between individual brought about by a shared requirement for a resource in limited supple, leading to a reduction in survivorship, growth, and/or reproduction of competing individuals
    • intraspecific competition
    • competition within a species
    • logistic growth
    • population grows intil reaching a limit
    • carrying capacity
    • K; maximum number of individuals a given environment can support
    • logistic growth
    • dN/dt = rN(K-N/K), where as N approaches K, there is no growth & if N is small, approaching 1 and exponential growth
    • exponential growth
    • dN/dt = rN
    • time delay logistic
    • dN/dt = rN(K-Nt-x/K)
    • allee effect
    • negative consequences to having a small population size
    • r-selected organisms
    • selected for traits advantageous at low population density, organisms that are better colonists
    • K-selected organisms
    • selection for traits advantageous at high population density, organisms are better competitors
    • limitation
    • almost exactly like carrying capacity
    • regulation
    • period of fluctuation around the limit
    • density dependent
    • factors whose influence on birth and death rates vary according to population density, providing negative influences that prevent a population from growing infinitely
    • density independent
    • factors that have same effect regardless of population density
    • density dependent factors
    • competition
      disease
      predation
      etc...
    • density independent factors
    • drought
      weather/climate
    • population dynamics
    • fluctuation/variation in a population over time
    • metapopulation
    • group of smaller populations that are linked by immigration and emigration
    • replacement rate
    • number of children each woman needs to have to maintain current population levels
    • community
    • group of interacting population of different species that co-occur in space and time