BIO 1B Ecology Flashcards Flash Cards

Study Save to My Flashcards Offline Study Print Export to file

Play Memory | Create Card File | Append to Card File

Card Set Properties

Title:	BIO 1B Ecology Flashcards
Description:	Summer 2008 Ecology unit vocabulary in preperation for Ecology Midterm
Number of Cards:	175
Save Count:	0
Author:	thesams11
Created:	2010-03-04
Tags:	55 ap-ib ecology summer
Private	No

Save Count represents the number of people who have saved this card set to their flashcard list. Consider this an endorsement!

- Question
- Answer
- Side 3

- natural history
- study of nature, natural objects, and natural phenomena through observational and descriptive study over long periods of time
- hypothesis
- assertion/working explanation that leads to a prediction
- Karl Poppper
- demonstrated the assymetry between falsification and verification
- fact
- truth known by actual experience/observation
- theory
- set of propositions explaining a whole class of phenomena
- experimental science
- involves making predictions and testing in lab/field
- historical science
- posing hypotheses that postulate particular past causes for currently observablephenomena (ex. cladistics)
- controlled variables
- those that are held constant during experiment
- ecology
- comprehensive science of relationship of organism of environment, concerned with individual, population, community, and biosphere
- macroclimate
- large scale features (within planet, continent, or country)
- microclimate
- fine scale
- macroclimate features
- 1. latitudinal variation
  2. seasonal variation in sunlight
  3. global air circulation and precipitation
  4. global wind patterns
- coriolis effect
- apparent deflection of winds and ocean currents as a result of rotation of the earth
- ethology
- scientific study of animal behavior
- behavior ecology
- emphasizes evolutionary hypothesis for animal behavior based on assumption that animals increase their fitness by optimal behavior
- ultimate behavior
- evolutionary reason for exitence of behavior
- proximate behavior
- immediate cause and/or mechanism underlying behavior
- optimal behavior
- behavior that maximizes fitness
- monogamy
- prolonged pair bond
- polygamy
- one/both sexes has mor ethan 1 mate
- polygyny
- one male and many females
- polyandry
- one female and many males
- promiscuity
- both sexes have many mates
- reciprocal altruism
- expectation that favor will be returned in future
- apparent altruism
- looks altruistic but not altruistic
- ecophysiology
- study of individual performance in context of their immediate environment
- population
- group of individuals of same species that can freely interbreed and is partly/wholly isolated from other populations of that same species
- density
- number of individuals per unit in area/volume
- age structure
- proportion of individuals in different age groups
- ways of measuring population density
- 1. count directly
  2. use a quadrat and scale up
  3. Mark-Recapture Method
  4. PIT tags
- Mark-Recapture method
- mark a sample of the population, release back into population, and take another sample to calculate total population size. then calculate density.
  N=(m x n)/x
  assumes marked population will completely intermix back into population with no emigration/immigration
  BEST for moving populations
- PIT tags
- "Passive Integrated Transponder" that is inserted into organism and tracks movement of organisms. movement recorded to infer population size and density.
- random
- most rare distribution in nature, where location of one organism does not affect the location of another organism
- uniform
- even spacing that can be caused by antagonistic behavior that is why they repell each other
- clumped
- individuals grouped together following flocking behavior that can include environmental heterogeneity, where resources clumped so distribution clumped
- demography
- study of factors that influences growth and decline of a population
- fecundity
- reproductive rate
- mortality
- death rate
- cohort
- group of individuals of same age
- census
- acquiring information from every individual in population
- survivorship
- proportion of individuals of a given age group that survive
- survivorship curves
- type 1 = mortality tends to be low when they are young
  type 2 = constant proportion of individuals dying regardless of age
  type 3 = high mortality in early age, survivors live a long time
- life history
- significant features of populations regarding the life cycle
- life history traits
- characters that have an important influence on life scale
- traits of life history
- size
  rate of growth
  reproduction
  frequency of reproduction
  number of offspring
- semelparous
- reproduces in one episode
- iteroparous
- reproduces in multiple episodes
- clutch
- amount of offspring in one episode of reproduction
- trade-offs
- every trait could be better, but making it better could make somehthing else worse
- limitations of trade-offs
- allocation to growth/activity/maintenance/reproduction compromises time/energy/nutrients tot he others
- bet-hedging
- when an organism faces a trade-off, one possibility is to diversify strategy to gaurd against loss
- factors affecting population size
- [+] births + immigration
  [-] deaths + emigration
- BIDE equation
- N(t+1)=Nt+B+I-D-E
- discrete time
- change in N = rN
- continuous time
- dN/dt = Nt + rN
- competition
- interaction between individual brought about by a shared requirement for a resource in limited supple, leading to a reduction in survivorship, growth, and/or reproduction of competing individuals
- intraspecific competition
- competition within a species
- logistic growth
- population grows intil reaching a limit
- carrying capacity
- K; maximum number of individuals a given environment can support
- logistic growth
- dN/dt = rN(K-N/K), where as N approaches K, there is no growth & if N is small, approaching 1 and exponential growth
- exponential growth
- dN/dt = rN
- time delay logistic
- dN/dt = rN(K-Nt-x/K)
- allee effect
- negative consequences to having a small population size
- r-selected organisms
- selected for traits advantageous at low population density, organisms that are better colonists
- K-selected organisms
- selection for traits advantageous at high population density, organisms are better competitors
- limitation
- almost exactly like carrying capacity
- regulation
- period of fluctuation around the limit
- density dependent
- factors whose influence on birth and death rates vary according to population density, providing negative influences that prevent a population from growing infinitely
- density independent
- factors that have same effect regardless of population density
- density dependent factors
- competition
  disease
  predation
  etc...
- density independent factors
- drought
  weather/climate
- population dynamics
- fluctuation/variation in a population over time
- metapopulation
- group of smaller populations that are linked by immigration and emigration
- replacement rate
- number of children each woman needs to have to maintain current population levels
- community
- group of interacting population of different species that co-occur in space and time