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89 Cards in this Set
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Reaction where a polymer forms
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Dehydration
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Reaction of breakdown of carbohydrates
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hydrolysis
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ketones
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Carbohydrate with carbonyl group in the carbon structure
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aldehydes
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Carbohydrate with Carbonyl group on the end of the carbon structure
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bonds between two carbohydrates
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glycosidic linkage
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Starch
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1-4 linkage of alpha glucose
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same hydroxyl placement in every linkage,tangled appearance |
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cellulose
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1-4 linkages of beta glucose
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alternating hydroxyl group placement. Straight line appearance |
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lipids
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hydrophobic because of C-H bonds and very few C-O bonds
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monomers-glycerol and fatty acids polyers- mon-, di-, and triglycerides |
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Saturated fat
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single C-C bonds,
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linear molecule, packed close together |
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Unsaturated fat
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double C=C bonds
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kink in the tail, can't pack as close together and contain less energy |
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Phospholipids
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2 hydrophobic fatty acids attached to a hydrophilic head
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Phospholipid head
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glycerol attached to phosphate attached to choline
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micelle
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ring of phospholipids with hydrophobic ends in the middle
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Difference between estradiol and testosterone hormones
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estradiol: -OH on end
testosterone: =O on end and an extra -CH^3 |
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bond between glycerol and fatty acids
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ester linkages
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bond between two proteins
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peptide bond
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Non-essential proteins
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the 12 amino acid that can be synthesized by animals
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essential proteins group
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the 8 other amino acid that cannot be synthesized by animals and must be obtained from the diet
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N-terminus side of amino acid
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amino group
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c-terminus side of amino acid
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Carboxyl group
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sickle-cell anemia
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Amino acid Glu-> Val so the beta subunit's hydrophobic region crystallizes into a fiber that doesn't hold oxygen
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bonds in a protein that induces folding
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1. ionic bonds
2. hydrogen bonds 3. hydrophobic and van der waals attractions 4. disulfide bonds |
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primary protein structure
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amino acid sequence
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secondary protein structure
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folds of primary structure; alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet
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tertiary protein structure
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complex folding of large polypeptide chains to give the overall SHAPE of the protein molecule
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quaternary protein structure
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when more than one polypeptide chain associates with another
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nucleic acid
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monomer: nucleotide
polymer: nucleic acid |
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ribonucleic acid
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ribose is pentose sugar. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and urasil are nucleotides
Single-stranded |
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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deoxyribose is the pentose sugar.
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine are the nucleotides double-stranded helix |
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nucleotide structure
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phosphate group attaches to 5' Carbon and the nucleotide attaches to the 3' carbon
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pyrimidines
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single ring nucleotides
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cytosine, thymine, and urasil |
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purines
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double ring nucleotides
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adanine and guanine |
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animal and plant cell size
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100 um- 10 um
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bacteria
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10um- 1 um
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microscopy
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magnification: ratio of the size of the image of an object and its actual size
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resolution
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shortest distance between 2 points that can be differentiated
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long wavelength= poor resolution |
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immunocytochemistry
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use of antibodies (immunoglubin proteins) that can detect cetain proteins
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electron microscopy (TEM then SEM)
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transmission electron microscooy- a slice of the speciman
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scanning electron microscope- a 3D view of the speciman |
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5 processes of organelles
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1.info, storage, processing, and execution
2.protein, carb, and lipid biosynthesis 3.energy storage 4.energy metabolism 5. structural &transport functions |
1.nucleus 2.endomembrane system 3.lipid& polysaccharide granules 4. chloroplast and mitochondria 5.cytoskeleton and plasmamembrane |
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plasma membrane
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continuous,selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the fluid and other structures of a cell
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allows cell to maintain constant internal environment. |
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Nucleus
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contains most of DNA required for function of the cell. Possesses the instructions for a cell to differentiate into different cell types
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largest organelle |
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nuclear membrane
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double-folded plasma membrane bounded on inside by nuclear lamina
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nuclear lamina
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network of protein fibers
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nuclear pores
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where material passes in between cytoplasm and nucleus
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complex made up of 8 protein granules arranged in an octagon |
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nucleolus
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consists of ribosomes and RNA. Site of ribosome synthesis
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well developed in cells with lots of protein synthesis |
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chromatin
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DNA and associated particles
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Associated particles: histones and regulatory proteins that help control gene expression. |
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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important for protein synthesis
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made up of smooth and rough ER |
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Cisternae
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folded series of tubles in ER
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lumen
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Internal compartment of ER. has different ion and protein concentration than the rest of the cell
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called cisternal space |
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What are properties of ER and its membrane?
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membrane surface area> plasma membrane (much of the membrane of cell)
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15% of entire fluid volume of cell in ER |
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Ribosome
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site of protein synthesis.
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two parts large and small subunit |
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location of ribosomes
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1. free in cytoplasm
2.bound to ER 3.mitochrondria and chloroplasts |
1.synthesize cytoplasmic soluble proteins 2. synthesize protein insoluble |
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smooth endoplasmic in liver
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site of synthesis of glycogen, cholesterol, and steroid
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site of drug detoxification |
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Golgi apparatus
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responsible for production and functional maturation of proteins and some polysaccharides
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Similar in structure to smooth ER with stacked discs (cisternae) |
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Process of Golgi apparatus
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transport vesicles from rough ER fuse at "cis" face. It leaves at "trans" face.
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proteins travel and are modified until they become the final product that is released by secretion |
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Where newly synthesized proteins go
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1.released outside of the cell
2.inserted into membrane 3.remain in cytoplasm as soluble proteins 4. used to maintain organelle function either as part of an organelles structure or inside the organelle |
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lysosomes
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digest macromolecules, organelles, and food particles
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have an acidic environment of pH 5. |
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Autophagy
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recycling of organelles including old lysosomes
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Peroxisome
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contains enzymes that help break down organelles in a vesicle
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organelle
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membrane-bound intracellular componenet
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ribosomes are not organelles |
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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can move around a cell and divide.
has their own ribosomes and DNA used to synthesize |
evidence they were independent prokaryotic organism |
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mitochondria
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1-10 um
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cristae
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folded convolutions of the mitochondria
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mitochondria matrix
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made up of enzymes for cellular respiration
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area between membranes very important |
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cellular respiration
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energy form carbs and lipids is transferred to ATP
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importance of compartmentalization
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1. ionic gradients
2.spatial arrangement of enzymes |
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chloroplasts
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responsible for photosynthesis
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stroma
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matrix of chloroplasts
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thylakoids
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discs where chlorophyll is.
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stacked into structures called grana |
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cytoskeleton
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structural and transport functions.
provides mechanism for cell and organism movement (flagella, pseudopodia and muscle contraction) |
tracks for motor proteins |
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microfilaments
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actin strung together in filament. changes cell shape, makes muscle contractions, cytoplasmic streaming, cell division (Cleavage furrow)
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7nm |
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Microtubles
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small protein of tubulin (types alpha and beta) in a group o f 13. Maintains cell shape, cilia and flagella, chromosome movement
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25nm |
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cristae
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folded convolutions of the mitochondria
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mitochondria matrix
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made up of enzymes for cellular respiration
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area between membranes very important |
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cellular respiration
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energy form carbs and lipids is transferred to ATP
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importance of compartmentalization
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1. ionic gradients
2.spatial arrangement of enzymes |
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chloroplasts
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responsible for photosynthesis
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stroma
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matrix of chloroplasts
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thylakoids
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discs where chlorophyll is.
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stacked into structures called grana |
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cytoskeleton
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structural and transport functions.
provides mechanism for cell and organism movement (flagella, pseudopodia and muscle contraction) |
tracks for motor proteins |
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microfilaments
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actin strung together in filament. changes cell shape, makes muscle contractions, cytoplasmic streaming, cell division (Cleavage furrow)
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7nm |
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Microtubles
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small protein of tubulin (types alpha and beta) in a group o f 13. Maintains cell shape, cilia and flagella, chromosome movement
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25nm |
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intermediate filaments
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fibrous subunit (keratins) supercoiled into thicker cables.
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8-12 nm |
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centrosome
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important for cell division in animals cells
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cilia
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9 pairs of microtubules around a central tubule. Proteins attached to microtubules
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radial protein
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scaffolding
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dynein proteins
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movement proteins
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basal body
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triplet of 3 micro tubules or 2 micro tubules in a ring
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how movement is produced by microtubules
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anchored at end and proteins move along the sides to create bending
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