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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a chemical defined/synthetic media?
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You measure pure chemicals, (such as glucose, triptofan)
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What is undefined/complex media?
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Know what's in the media in terms of chemicals but don't know the exact amount
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Reducing media
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Used for the growth of anaerobic bacteria, removes O2 from media
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Selective media
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Media that permits the growth of a desired organism and inhibits the growth of the rest
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What is typically used in selective media?
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Dyes
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Dyes inhibits the growth of what bacteria?
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Gram +
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Cells need to be in what type of solute concentration?
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1%
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What is the exception to the solute concentration?
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Staphylococcus
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What type of solute concentration can staph tolerate?
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7.5%
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What type of pH do fungi enjoy?
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5.5-7.0
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Differential media
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Permits the growth of a variety of microbes, but allows the division of bacteria based on color or growth
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What type of media is Sabouraud's glucose agar?
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Selective media
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What type of media is sodium thioglycollate?
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Reducing media
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What type of media is Blood agar?
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Differential
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What is the purpose behind blood agar media?
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Identifies gram + cocci
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Beta hemolytic
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Blood agar around the colony is completely clear: hemolysin completely digests RBC
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Alpha hemolytic
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Blood agar around the colony is greenish brown: hemolysin partially digests
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Gama hemolytic
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Blood agar around the colony doesn't change: no hemolysin
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What type of media is carbohydrate media?
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Differential
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What does carbohydrate media allow you to do?
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Determine if an organism can ferment carbs
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What are the waste products carbohydrate metabolism?
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Either acid or gas
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How do you detect if acid is given off during carbohydrate fermentation?
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Phenol red changes to yellow
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What is the indicator used in Carbohydrate media?
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Phenol red
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How do you detect is gas is given off during carbohydrate fermentation?
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Gas will be trapped in durham tube
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How do you know carb fermentation in a deep/tall media?
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Agar goes from red to yellow or agar cracks or moves
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Selective-differential media
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Combines the properties of a selective media and a differential media
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Mannitol salt agar is an example of what type of media?
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Selective-differential
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What is mannitol salt agar used to find?
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Staph aureus or epidermidis
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What is the selective component of mannitol salt agar?
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7% NaCl
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What is the differential component of Mannitol salt agar?
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Mannitol
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If there is growth on a mannitol salt agar what do you know for sure?
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Dealing with staph
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If on a mannitol salt agar plate the agar around the colonies turns yellow then you have what?
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Staph. aureus
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If on a mannitol salt agar plate the agar around the colonies is still read what do you have?
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Staph. epidermidis
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Eosin methylene blue agar is an example of what type of agar?
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Selective-differential
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What is the selective material in EMB?
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Eosin methylene blue
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What is the differential component of EMB?
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Lactose
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EMB promotes and inhibits the growth of what?
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Promotes: gram - bacilli
Inhibits: gram + |
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If you don't have growth on an EMB plate what do you have?
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Gram +
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If you have growth on an EMB plate what do you have?
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Gram - bacilli
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If the growth is a metallic green on an EMB plate, what do you have?
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Lactose fermenting gram - bacilli
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If the colony on an EMB plate is dark purple what do you have?
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Lactose fermenting gram - bacilli
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If the colony on an EMB plate is creamy pink color, what do you have?
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Non fermenting lactose gram - bacilli
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MacConkey agar is what type of agar?
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Selective-differntial
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What are the selective components in MacConkey agar?
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Crystal violet and bile salts
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What are the differential components of MacConkey agar?
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Lactose
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What do you learn from MacConkey agar?
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Gram - bacillus that ferments lactose or not
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If MacConkey agar doesn't have growth, what can you conclude?
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Gram + organism
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If MacConkey agar has hot pink colonies, what can you conclude?
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Gram - bacillus that ferments lactose
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If MacConkey agar has no pink in the colony or agar, what can you conclude?
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Gram - bacillus that doesn't ferment lactose
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What are the only lactose fermenting gram - bacillus?
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E. coli
Enterobacter Klebsiella |
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Binary fission
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Growth in bacteriology caused by replicating nucleic acid and dividing
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What is a bacterial generation time?
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20-40 minutes
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Psychrophile
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Bacteria that grow in temperatures of -5C to 20C
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Mesophiles
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Bacteria that grow in temperatures of 20C to 50C
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All human pathogens are what type of temperature microbes?
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Mesophiles
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Thermophiles
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Bacteria that grow in temperatures of 50-80C
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Extreme thermophiles
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Bacteria that grow in temperatures of 80-120C
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What is most important to know about cold temperatures?
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Cold does not denature a protein like heat does, you just stop the metabolism
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Obligate aerobe
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Absolutely need oxygen to function in life
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What are examples of obligate aerobes?
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Bacillus and Pseudomonas
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Obligate anaerobe
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Cannot have any oxygen to function in life
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What is an example of an obligate anaerobe?
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Clostridium
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Facultative anaerobe
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Organism that utilizes oxygen as the final electron acceptor, but if oxygen isn't available they can use something else
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what is an example of facultative anaerobe?
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E. coli and yeast
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Microaerophilic
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Oxygen in the atmosphere must be between 2-10%
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What are some examples of microaerophillic microbes?
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Neisseria and H. pylori
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Aerotolerant microbe
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Will grow in the presence or absence of oxygen, but if oxygen is available it does not utilize oxygen
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What is an example of aerotolerant microbes?
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Strep pyogenes
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Do bacteria tolerate hypotonic or hypertonic solutions better than people?
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Hypotonic
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Staph can tolerate tonicities up to what?
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7.5% NaCl concentration
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Enrichment media
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media that we use when we need to grow an organism that is present in low numbers in a mixed culture
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What is the key to making an enrichment media?
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Using a media that the microbe in small amounts loves and the other hates
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Population growth curve
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Graph showing the trend in growth of an organism
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What are the four stages of a population growth curve?
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Lag, Log, Stationary, Death
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Lag phase of population growth curve
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Microbes are too stunned to grow
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Log/exponential phase of population growth curve
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Media is perfect for growth of organisms so they reproduce at a maximum rate
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Stationary phase of population growth curve
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The cell population has increased to such a point the resources are being used up, for every cell born another one dies
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Death phase of the population growth curve
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resources are used up to such a point the media no longer supports the growth of the microbes and they die off
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When you work with microbes in the lab what phase do you work with them in?
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Log
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Direct microscopic count
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Put specimen on slide and count them
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Standard plate count
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Count the number of isolated colonies to determine the number of specimens in the original sample
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When using the standard plate count the amount of colonies has to between what?
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30-300
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How do you do a standard plate count?
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Serial dilution then add 1 ml to the plate and count the colonies, multiply them by the ratio
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Most probable number
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Statistical estimating method that provides qualitative as well as quantitative information
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How do you do a MPN?
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10 ml, 0.1 ml, 1ml in 3 tubes of 3, use the amount of ones that produce gas and the sheet
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Spec 20
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Measures amount of light that passes through a liquid to determine the amount of bacteria in it
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What is the limitation on a spec 20?
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There must be at least 10 mill cells per mill to have turbidity
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Septate hyphae
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Cross walls between the nuclei that form a long filament of cells
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Mycelia
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Mass of hyphae
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Non septate hyphae
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No cross walls between the nuclei that form a long filament of cells
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Dimorphic fungi
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Can occur as either a mold or a yeast
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At what temp is a dimorphic fungus a mold?
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25C (room temp)
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At what temp is a dimorphic fungus a yeast
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37C (body temp)
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What is pros of asexual reproduction?
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Every offspring is identical to the parent, occurs quickly, can make a lot of offspring
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Con of sexual reproduction
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Energy and time consuming
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Cons of asexual reproduction
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Loose advantage to genetic re-composition,
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List the asexual reproductive spores of the fungi.
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Arthrospore, Chlamydospore, Sporangiospore, Conidiospore, Blastospore
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When you get a fungal infection what part do you get?
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The asexual spore
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What are the sexual spores of fungi?
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Zygospore, Ascospore, Basidiospore
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What is the deuteromycota?
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Equivalent of a family that includes a significant number of animal pathogens
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List at least five ways the fungi are beneficial.
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1. Food source
2. Supplements 3. Ergot for migraine headaches 4. Decomposes 5. Antibiotics 6. Symbiotic relationships 7. Biotechnology 8. Bio control of pests |
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What is mycoses?
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Infection caused by a fungus, divided into categories based on what part of you is infected
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Systemic mycoses
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Typically a respiratory infection that frequently migrates to the lungs and becomes systemic (body wide)
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Subcutaneous mycoses
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Infection below the skins that you get from a puncture wound, produces abscesses
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Cutaneous mycoses
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Caused by a dermatophyte, all infections start with tinea followed by a body part
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Dermatophyte
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Fungus that causes a cutaneous mycoses
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Superficial mycoses
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Infection of the shaft of the hair
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Which mycoses is transmitted from person to person?
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Cutaneous
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Opportunistic mycoses
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Organism is part of your normal flora
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Where do protozoa live?
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Water, soil, random places like the gut of animals
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Trophozoite
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Vegetative form of protozoa, active metabolically
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Cyst
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Dormant form of protozoa, not active metabolically
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Dinoflagellates are in what kingdom?
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Plants
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What are the two types of helminths?
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Flat and round worms
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What are the two types of flat worms?
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Cestodes: tapeworm
Trematodes: fluke |
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Metabolism
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Sum of all chemical reactions
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