Bio 410 Lect 8 (T.2)

____ - choosing a place to live

Place you choose to live will be because it will give you an increased ability for two things: ____.

____ - stay where I was born

____ - leave

But better risk of inbreeding,
Overcrowding and
Greater competition

Typ best for all species is one sex ____ in the area and one sex ____.

Insect species -choosing a place to lay eggs.
The larger the leaf the larger the offspring, offspring feed off sugars in veins, so will have preferences.
Will choose a large leaf to share versus small leaf to themselves.
Larger the leaf, the better you are.
Ex. 2 percent of leaves on a tree are large all have aphids, 1.3 are small have no ____

In birds typically the ____ will disperse
In mammals the ____ will disperse.

____ disperse to avoid inbreeding with their brothers who are in those territories.

Birds are ____,
Males compete for ____ and not for mates, that means that a male needs to be familiar with an ____.

Mammals - most are ____ (single male with multiple females)
____ directly compete for females
Young ____ disperse to increase their chance of breeding

____ (mammals) often live in matrilineal social groups - benefits of living with relatives, so males must disperse to avoid inbreeding.

Ex. Elephants , males go off, ____ with their relatives entire lives

Mating system influences whether father is present when daughters reach sexual maturity.
____ fathers are around so the females need to go.
____ the father is often not around so the female does not have to leave.

3 hypotheses about dispersal:

____ - harem situation

___ - both sexes compete therefore both disperse

____ - solitary males and females and mate when they meet.

____ - males compete, therefore males disperse

____ - the parents kick the offspring out so as to avoid a parent offspring competition. Direct competition between parents and their offspring for reproductive success.

____ mammals - should be exclusive so the son does not need to be kicked out.

____ birds -
Daughter bird, the female can trick her parents.
So female birds are a threat, while male birds are not.

____-
Mammal sons can steal mates so gets kicked out
Daughters can stay
Birds - both are forced to disperse

So ____ birds always disperse, ____ mammals most often disperse.

Belding ground squirrel -

شعبي

Prarie/pine voles -____, both leave equally

___ - inherit a preference for a type of environment

Learning - ____, learning what their environment

Habitat preference based upon:

____ - join others of another species if you see others

Ex. Wood frogs egg masses, duck hunting

____ - behavior from one generation to the next, you learn to prefer your environment
Ex. Sheep have preferences and do not transplant well strong habitat

Or vice versa -
Deer and moose recolonize/transplant very well

____ lost if not reinforced each generation.

Deer mice inherit habitat preference, but can ____ to prefer a different habitat.

____ - movement of animals away from an area and then a return to that area
Typically between a breeding area and an overwintering/feeding area

Can be short distances - salamander less than 1 km
Or long distance - northern elephant seals

____
____ - they are at each of the poles when that pole has almost 24 hours of daylight.

Blackpoll warbler, very fuel efficient -
"car = 720,000 mpg"

____- migratory restlessness
Ex students at 5 minutes to class over

____ - store up energy and metabolism changes, and then combining with weather is combines to

Why do animals migrate?

____ - not the same individual that completes the migration!
Depending on length of summer have 3-6 generation in canada/northern united states.
One single ____ goes to mexico and spends the winter there.
It lays its eggs only in milkweed plants across southern us. The ____ then fly back to canada, the exact same place parents came from.
2 different generations, but exact same place.

____ can be reduced, store up more energy, particular pathways, but cannot be eliminated

____ -
Lots of energy
Lots of predation risk
Inhospitable terrain
Unstable weather
Relinquish territories when migrating

____
Energy profit
Reproductive profit

____
More hospitable environment
Go to food/water resources.

____ (why return at all)
Ex tern - days longer etc
May return to an environment with less predators
Reduce competition of more populated warmer regions.
May not be as nice, but safer.

Mice preferring the habitat in which they were raised is an example of

Female aphids would rather form galls on their own small leaf than share a large leaf.

In bird species, the ___ is most likely to disperse.

Duck hunters often uses artificial duck models to attract birds to their pond… why does this work?