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124 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
7 steps of Unity of Life?

(ORGERRE)
(Oscar Regulary grows eggs & responds reproducing evulation)))

1. Order 2.Regulation 3.Growth & devolp 4.Energy utilization 5.Reponse to environ 6.Reproduction 7.Evolution
Explain Unity of Life steps 1-3
1.ORDER- living cells; organization plan
2.REGULATION; homestatis; maintain self very narrow limits
3.GROWTH & DEV; ability to grow from less mature into mature form;DNA controls pattern
Explain Unity of Life steps 4-7
4.ENERGY UTILIZATION;use energy in food for activities & metabolism
5.RESP.TO ENVIR; stress respon to envir stimuli
6.REPRODUCTION; repr own kind
7. EVOLUTION; adaptation of straits suited to envir; greater chance surv&pass to offspring
11 steps of Hierarchy
atoms >molecules>cells>tissues>organs>organ syst.>organisms>popul.>community>ecosyt>biosphere
what are Emergent Properties?
each level new properties emerge
2 types of cells:
1. Prokaryotic-bacteria,simple
2. Eukaryotic-complex
all cells have DNA & pass genes to their offspring
all cells have DNA & pass genes to their offspring
Producers
provide food for ecosystem
(plants)
Consumers
eat plants & other animals
(humans)
Decomposers
recyles; make nutrients plants can absorb/use
3 Domains of grouping (Taxonomy)
1. bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
4 Kingdoms of Eukarya
1.Protista-1 cell
2.Fungi-mushroom, mold
3.Plantae-Roots,shoots,leaves & photosynthesizes
4.Animilia-insects, birds
Natual Selection
gradual process that drives evolution & traits
4 examples of Natural Selection
1. overproduction & competion
2. Individual variation-(allowed themself to change; eat nectur if no seeds
3.unequal reproduction success(surviv of fittest)
4.overtime favorable traits accumulate
2 ways of science
1. Discovery-werent looking for it
2. hypothesis driven-you conduct experiment
Steps of Scientific method
1. Observe
2. question
3.Hypothesis
4.Predict
5.Test & repeat
5.
6.
what do viruses need to reproduce?
a host
2 things drive evolution
1. Natural Selection-envirn decides
2. Artificial Selection-humans decide-ie breed dogs
all elements are pure & cannot be taken apart
all elements are pure & cannot be taken apart
atoms formed together make molecules. molecules make cells. cells make?
cells make tissue. tissue makes organs. group of organs is organ syst; then organism-
organisms together make population -> community-> community make?
ecosystem. all ecosytems together make biosphere
what is biology?
scientific study of life
what is biosphere?
support all makes of life
ex/ ecocystem
-desert
-rainforest
-tundra
what is matter?
anything wihth mass & takes up space; made from elements
what are elements made from?
atoms
what is an atom?
smallest particle that can enter into chemical reaction
what does an atom contain?
protons, neutrons & electrons
atoms central nucleus contains?
Protrons & neutrons
what does the shell contain?
Eletrons.
1st shell 2; second 8
how to find # of protons?
atomic number
what does an electrically neutral atom contain?
equal # of protons & electrons
how to find atomic weight?
protons + neutrons
what are ions?
carry electric charge; total # of eletrons not = to protons to carry charge(pos or neg)
what are isotopes?
atoms that diff in # of neutrons
how are molecules made?
when 2 or more atoms bond together (can be same or diff)
what are compounds?
atoms of diff elements form
what is a molecular formula?
represents # & kinds of atoms on molecule
what are isomers?
2 molecules w/same atoms but diff arrangements
ionic bonds
atoms donate or recieve; cause atoms of opposite charges to attract to make stable bond
covalent bond
atoms share electrons (up to 3 electrons) making both stable
4 most important elements
1. oxygen 2. carbon
3.hydrogen 4. nitrogen
radioactive isotopes
((same #protons DIFF #neutron.same element dif mass #))
nucleus decays quickly giving off particles & energy
orbitals
volume of space eletrons are most likely found.
how many electrons can an orbital hold?
2
valence shell
electrons in outer shell that determine chemial properties of atom.
what does it mean if an element is chemically iner(unreactive)
the outer shell electrons are full/stable.
chemical bonds
2 atoms share, donate or recieve electron causing both outer shells to be stable.
how are molecules formed?
when atoms held together by covalent bonds
ex/ molecular formula?
ex/ H2 <-- tells you that hyrogen molecule has 2 atoms of hydrogen
how is h2 written in structural formula?
H-H. the line represents 1 single covalent bond of pairing lectrons.
what does valence mean?
no. of electrons required to complete the octet.
how to write O double bond using structrual foruma.
O=O
electronegativity causes what?
the more neg an atom is the more it pulls shared electrons towards its nucleus(in a covalent bond.)
non polar covalent bonds
electrons shared equally between 2 atoms
the bigger the greater the diff in neg electrons between 2 atoms. what happens?
electronegativity; it pulls
polar covalent bond
when bonds share unequal #of electrons-> the atom more neg charged pulls electrons closer making the atom partically - & the others partically +
polar molecule
unequal distribution of charges; + on 1 end & - on the other.
hydrogen bonds
hydrogen atom covalently bonded to big electronegative atom
ex/ H2O
Synthesis reactions (dehydration synthesis)
small molecules together form big ones losing water molecule

A + B = AB
decomposition (hydrolysis) reactions
break molecules into smaller parts by adding water

AB= A + B
oxidation
loses electrons
reduction
gains electrons; add neg electrons make more neg
exchange reaction
when parts of 2 diff molecules trade positions
organic molecules always contain _______
hydrogen & carbon
____ molecules dissolve in water to form ions.
inorganic
inorganic molecules are also called?
electrolytes
_____ molecules do not release ions in solutions
organic
organic molecules are also known as ?
nonelectrolytes
water is a ___ molecule
Polar
name 4 properties of water
1. frozen is less dense than liquid
2 temp rise/fall slow-stay stable
3.adhesive & cohesive
4.universal solvent (dissolves inorganic)
Acids
molecules that dissolve in water & release Hydrogen
Bases
release hydroxide or take up excess H
Buffers
keep pH steady; by taking up excess H or hydroxide
salts
break down in water & dont release H or hydroxide
oxygen
releases energy from glucose during metabolic reactions
Carbon Dioxide
produced during metabolic processes; released thru lungs
what are macromolecules?
large molecules-consisting of smaller ones
what are monomers?
small molecules
what are polymers?
macromolecules (made up of repeated monomers)
provides short term energy for all living organisms
carbs
for each carbon & oxygen there are _____ atoms
2 hydrogens
what is a monosaccharide?
simple sugar; result of low # of carbs
2 monosaccarides make
disaccharide
many attached monosaccarides make ?
polysaccharides
2 ex/ of carb
1. starch
2. glycogen
how do carbs help non humans?
form plant cells & shell of insects
what does not dissolve in water?
lipids
2 ex/ of lipid
fats & oils
how are fats & oils formed?
glycerol molecule attached to fatty acid
how are triglyceride formed?
by 3 fatty acid chains attached
when there are 2 fatty acid chain group & a phosphate group, it becomes?
phospholipid
cholesterol & waxes are ?
lipids
what determines if fat is saturated or unsaturated?
depends if double bonded
amino acids are ___omers in protein
mono
what is the R group in amino acids?
the remainder; gives each amino acid its properties
what bonds amino acid together
by peptide bonds
how many levels does a protein have?
4
what is the primary level of the protein?
straight chain amino acids held together by peptide bond
what is the secondary level of the protein?
when protein takes shape
1. beta sheet
2. alpha helix
3.omega loop
what is the tertiary level of the protein?
combos of 2nd. gets final 3D shape
what is the quaternary level of the protein?
several 3 attached together
what are Nucleic acids?
DNA & RNA
DNA & RNA are made up of the same things besides?
RNA has Uracil instead of thymine
what is DNA?
store genetic info of cell
DOUBLE stranded
what is RNA?
make proteins
SINGLE stranded
what are the 3 types of RNA?
1) rRNA 2) tRN 3) mRNA
what is ATP?
nucleotide that carries energy in cells
2 non digestibles of Carbs
1. cellulose-plant cell walls
2. chitin--shell
how many carbon sugars are in nucleic acids?
5
what is the structure of saturated fats?
long single bonds with carbon
DNA run ____ direction
opposite
-COOH forms
acid part of amino acid
-NH 2 forms
amine in amino acid
what is branched & is digestible?
glycogen
what do muscles use?
glycogen
what makes up proteins?
amino acids
an enzyme is an ex of?
protein
what affect does phosphrate group have on chains?
makes polar; + & -
synthesis is an ex/ of?
reduction
decomposition is ex of?
oxidation
what does AMP do?
carry hormones in/out of cells & make RNA
catabolic means
breaks down molecules
Anabolic means
build molecules (s-)