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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
7 steps of Unity of Life?
(ORGERRE) |
(Oscar Regulary grows eggs & responds reproducing evulation)))
1. Order 2.Regulation 3.Growth & devolp 4.Energy utilization 5.Reponse to environ 6.Reproduction 7.Evolution |
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Explain Unity of Life steps 1-3
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1.ORDER- living cells; organization plan
2.REGULATION; homestatis; maintain self very narrow limits 3.GROWTH & DEV; ability to grow from less mature into mature form;DNA controls pattern |
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Explain Unity of Life steps 4-7
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4.ENERGY UTILIZATION;use energy in food for activities & metabolism
5.RESP.TO ENVIR; stress respon to envir stimuli 6.REPRODUCTION; repr own kind 7. EVOLUTION; adaptation of straits suited to envir; greater chance surv&pass to offspring |
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11 steps of Hierarchy
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atoms >molecules>cells>tissues>organs>organ syst.>organisms>popul.>community>ecosyt>biosphere
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what are Emergent Properties?
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each level new properties emerge
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2 types of cells:
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1. Prokaryotic-bacteria,simple
2. Eukaryotic-complex |
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all cells have DNA & pass genes to their offspring
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all cells have DNA & pass genes to their offspring
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Producers
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provide food for ecosystem
(plants) |
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Consumers
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eat plants & other animals
(humans) |
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Decomposers
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recyles; make nutrients plants can absorb/use
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3 Domains of grouping (Taxonomy)
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1. bacteria
2. Archaea 3. Eukarya |
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4 Kingdoms of Eukarya
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1.Protista-1 cell
2.Fungi-mushroom, mold 3.Plantae-Roots,shoots,leaves & photosynthesizes 4.Animilia-insects, birds |
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Natual Selection
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gradual process that drives evolution & traits
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4 examples of Natural Selection
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1. overproduction & competion
2. Individual variation-(allowed themself to change; eat nectur if no seeds 3.unequal reproduction success(surviv of fittest) 4.overtime favorable traits accumulate |
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2 ways of science
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1. Discovery-werent looking for it
2. hypothesis driven-you conduct experiment |
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Steps of Scientific method
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1. Observe
2. question 3.Hypothesis 4.Predict 5.Test & repeat 5. 6. |
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what do viruses need to reproduce?
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a host
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2 things drive evolution
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1. Natural Selection-envirn decides
2. Artificial Selection-humans decide-ie breed dogs |
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all elements are pure & cannot be taken apart
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all elements are pure & cannot be taken apart
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atoms formed together make molecules. molecules make cells. cells make?
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cells make tissue. tissue makes organs. group of organs is organ syst; then organism-
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organisms together make population -> community-> community make?
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ecosystem. all ecosytems together make biosphere
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what is biology?
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scientific study of life
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what is biosphere?
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support all makes of life
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ex/ ecocystem
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-desert
-rainforest -tundra |
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what is matter?
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anything wihth mass & takes up space; made from elements
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what are elements made from?
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atoms
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what is an atom?
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smallest particle that can enter into chemical reaction
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what does an atom contain?
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protons, neutrons & electrons
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atoms central nucleus contains?
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Protrons & neutrons
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what does the shell contain?
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Eletrons.
1st shell 2; second 8 |
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how to find # of protons?
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atomic number
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what does an electrically neutral atom contain?
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equal # of protons & electrons
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how to find atomic weight?
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protons + neutrons
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what are ions?
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carry electric charge; total # of eletrons not = to protons to carry charge(pos or neg)
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what are isotopes?
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atoms that diff in # of neutrons
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how are molecules made?
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when 2 or more atoms bond together (can be same or diff)
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what are compounds?
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atoms of diff elements form
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what is a molecular formula?
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represents # & kinds of atoms on molecule
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what are isomers?
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2 molecules w/same atoms but diff arrangements
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ionic bonds
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atoms donate or recieve; cause atoms of opposite charges to attract to make stable bond
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covalent bond
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atoms share electrons (up to 3 electrons) making both stable
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4 most important elements
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1. oxygen 2. carbon
3.hydrogen 4. nitrogen |
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radioactive isotopes
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((same #protons DIFF #neutron.same element dif mass #))
nucleus decays quickly giving off particles & energy |
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orbitals
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volume of space eletrons are most likely found.
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how many electrons can an orbital hold?
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2
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valence shell
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electrons in outer shell that determine chemial properties of atom.
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what does it mean if an element is chemically iner(unreactive)
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the outer shell electrons are full/stable.
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chemical bonds
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2 atoms share, donate or recieve electron causing both outer shells to be stable.
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how are molecules formed?
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when atoms held together by covalent bonds
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ex/ molecular formula?
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ex/ H2 <-- tells you that hyrogen molecule has 2 atoms of hydrogen
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how is h2 written in structural formula?
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H-H. the line represents 1 single covalent bond of pairing lectrons.
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what does valence mean?
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no. of electrons required to complete the octet.
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how to write O double bond using structrual foruma.
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O=O
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electronegativity causes what?
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the more neg an atom is the more it pulls shared electrons towards its nucleus(in a covalent bond.)
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non polar covalent bonds
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electrons shared equally between 2 atoms
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the bigger the greater the diff in neg electrons between 2 atoms. what happens?
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electronegativity; it pulls
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polar covalent bond
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when bonds share unequal #of electrons-> the atom more neg charged pulls electrons closer making the atom partically - & the others partically +
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polar molecule
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unequal distribution of charges; + on 1 end & - on the other.
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hydrogen bonds
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hydrogen atom covalently bonded to big electronegative atom
ex/ H2O |
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Synthesis reactions (dehydration synthesis)
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small molecules together form big ones losing water molecule
A + B = AB |
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decomposition (hydrolysis) reactions
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break molecules into smaller parts by adding water
AB= A + B |
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oxidation
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loses electrons
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reduction
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gains electrons; add neg electrons make more neg
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exchange reaction
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when parts of 2 diff molecules trade positions
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organic molecules always contain _______
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hydrogen & carbon
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____ molecules dissolve in water to form ions.
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inorganic
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inorganic molecules are also called?
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electrolytes
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_____ molecules do not release ions in solutions
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organic
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organic molecules are also known as ?
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nonelectrolytes
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water is a ___ molecule
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Polar
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name 4 properties of water
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1. frozen is less dense than liquid
2 temp rise/fall slow-stay stable 3.adhesive & cohesive 4.universal solvent (dissolves inorganic) |
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Acids
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molecules that dissolve in water & release Hydrogen
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Bases
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release hydroxide or take up excess H
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Buffers
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keep pH steady; by taking up excess H or hydroxide
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salts
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break down in water & dont release H or hydroxide
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oxygen
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releases energy from glucose during metabolic reactions
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Carbon Dioxide
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produced during metabolic processes; released thru lungs
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what are macromolecules?
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large molecules-consisting of smaller ones
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what are monomers?
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small molecules
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what are polymers?
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macromolecules (made up of repeated monomers)
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provides short term energy for all living organisms
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carbs
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for each carbon & oxygen there are _____ atoms
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2 hydrogens
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what is a monosaccharide?
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simple sugar; result of low # of carbs
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2 monosaccarides make
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disaccharide
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many attached monosaccarides make ?
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polysaccharides
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2 ex/ of carb
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1. starch
2. glycogen |
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how do carbs help non humans?
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form plant cells & shell of insects
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what does not dissolve in water?
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lipids
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2 ex/ of lipid
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fats & oils
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how are fats & oils formed?
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glycerol molecule attached to fatty acid
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how are triglyceride formed?
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by 3 fatty acid chains attached
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when there are 2 fatty acid chain group & a phosphate group, it becomes?
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phospholipid
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cholesterol & waxes are ?
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lipids
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what determines if fat is saturated or unsaturated?
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depends if double bonded
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amino acids are ___omers in protein
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mono
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what is the R group in amino acids?
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the remainder; gives each amino acid its properties
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what bonds amino acid together
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by peptide bonds
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how many levels does a protein have?
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4
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what is the primary level of the protein?
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straight chain amino acids held together by peptide bond
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what is the secondary level of the protein?
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when protein takes shape
1. beta sheet 2. alpha helix 3.omega loop |
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what is the tertiary level of the protein?
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combos of 2nd. gets final 3D shape
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what is the quaternary level of the protein?
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several 3 attached together
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what are Nucleic acids?
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DNA & RNA
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DNA & RNA are made up of the same things besides?
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RNA has Uracil instead of thymine
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what is DNA?
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store genetic info of cell
DOUBLE stranded |
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what is RNA?
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make proteins
SINGLE stranded |
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what are the 3 types of RNA?
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1) rRNA 2) tRN 3) mRNA
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what is ATP?
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nucleotide that carries energy in cells
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2 non digestibles of Carbs
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1. cellulose-plant cell walls
2. chitin--shell |
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how many carbon sugars are in nucleic acids?
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5
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what is the structure of saturated fats?
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long single bonds with carbon
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DNA run ____ direction
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opposite
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-COOH forms
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acid part of amino acid
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-NH 2 forms
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amine in amino acid
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what is branched & is digestible?
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glycogen
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what do muscles use?
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glycogen
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what makes up proteins?
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amino acids
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an enzyme is an ex of?
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protein
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what affect does phosphrate group have on chains?
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makes polar; + & -
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synthesis is an ex/ of?
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reduction
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decomposition is ex of?
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oxidation
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what does AMP do?
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carry hormones in/out of cells & make RNA
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catabolic means
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breaks down molecules
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Anabolic means
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build molecules (s-)
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