Bio Exam 3 Terms

Dispersed form of DNA and protein complex, in interphase

Body Cells, all the same

in cytokinesis, a ring of actin filaments form inside the plasma membrane, myosin binds to actin filaments. when myosin binds to ATP or ADP, part of the protein moves and causes actin to slide. results in tightening of the ring and membrane pinches into two

Crossing over; random alignment, fertilization

Crossing over, random alignment, fertilization

having one set of chromosomes(1n). a cell/individual organism with one homologous set of chromosomes.

having 2 sets of chromosomes (2n). one set from maternal parent and one set from paternal parent.

Chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and gene content. you have a chromosome 22 from your mother and a chromosome 22 from your father.

chromatids belonging to homologous chromosomes (one chromatid from mom, one from dad, both chromosome 22)

homologous replicated chromosomes that are joined together

the number of each type of chromosome present, equivalent to the number of haploid chromosomes (n =23)

having one of each type of chromosome (bacteria and archea)

having two of each type of chromosome. most plants and animals are this

having more than two of each type of chromosome; cells may be triploid (3n) tetraploid (4n) and so on. (seedless bananas, ferns)

structure made up of DNA and proteins; carries the cell's hereditary information (genes)

a non-sex chromosome

when two gametes fuse during fertilization, a full complement of chromosomes is restored. (2n)

detect early--surgery chemotherapy, radiation

targets cell cycle, kills rapidly dividing cells--hair loss, gastrointestinal tract, immune cells

kill rapidly dividing cells by damaging DNA which then can't fix themselves and self-destruct (apoptosis)

chromosomes condense. the spindle apparatus begins to form.

the nuclear envelope disintegrates. Kinetochore microtubules move chromosomes to the middle of the cell.

kinetochore microtubules move chromosomes to the middle of the cell.

kinetochore microtubules pull sister chromatids apart

chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. a nuclear envelope forms around each set.

division of all cell contents via actin-myosin.

when the expression of one gene masks the expression of a second gene.

The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.

1:2:1

3:1

9:3:3:1

1:2:1

An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AABB and aabb produce a dihybrid of genotype AaBb.

1:1:1:1

the type of gamete that is produced when crossing over does occur. genes that are farther apart have a greater chance of a crossover occurring between them

The two parental phenotypes occur more often than expected by chance.