bio final 2012

phenotypes of both alleles are visible in the heterozygote because both work in separate ways

phenotypes of heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrid

a cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed

an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotyype of a heterozygote

the genetic makeup, set of alleles, of an organism

having two different alleles for a given gene

having two identical alleles for a given gene

phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediated between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele

an organism that is heterozygous for a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids. Parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid of Aa

a cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed

obsrvable physcial and pschological traits of an organism, determined by its genetic makeup

diagram used in the study of inheritance to show predicted genotypic results of random fertilization

an allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote

breedng an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous individual to determine the unknown genotype

one of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character

organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self pollination

dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, highly dense inactivated x chromosome

a located on either sex chromosome. most sex linked genes are on the x chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance, there are few on the y

a gene located on the x chromosome such genes show a distinctive pattern of inheritance

modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule

one of ribosomes 3 binding sites for tRNA during translation. The A site holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain

a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule

a deficiency in a chromosome from theloss of a fragment through breakage, a mutational loss of 1 or more nucleotide pairs from a gene

1 of a ribosomes 3 binding sites for tRNA during translation. The E site is the place where discharged tRNA leave the ribosome. E for Exit

a sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing, also refers to the region of DNA from which the sequence was transcribed

mutation ocurring when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of 3, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons

process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or RNA

mutation involving the addition of 1 or more nucleotide pairs to a gene

non-coding intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing

type of RNA using a DNA template that attaches to ribosomes in cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein, primary RNA must undergo processing to become mRNA

nucleotide pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid

mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter, usually non functional protein

a type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides

1 of a ribosomes 3 binding sites for tRNA during translation. The P site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain.P=peptidyl tRNA

a change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene

a sequence of 50-25- adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre mRNA molecule

a specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds to RNA polymerase positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place

RNA molecules that together with proteins make up ribosomes, the most abundant type of RNA

complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Subunit assembled in then nucleus

an enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription, based on complementary binding to nucelotides on a DNA template strand

modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons and alteration of 5' and 3' ends

after synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions of the transcript (introns) that will nont be included in the mRNA and the joining together of the remaining portions (exons)

a nucleotide pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype

in transcription, the nucleotide position on the promoter where RNA polymerase begins synthesis of RNA

the DNA strand that provides the pattern for ordering by complementary base pairing , the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript

in bactera, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA

the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

a regulartory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes

a region of
DNA that is transcribed into a RNA molecule

an RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome where they recognize the appropriate codons of the mRNA

the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids

a genetic information system in which a set of 3 nucleotide long words specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains