bio final

b. * glucose + O2 ® CO2 + H2O + ATP

c. pump O2-rich blood to the capillary beds of the body, except for the lungs
d. pump O2-poor blood from most organs, except lungs, back to the right side of heart

c. * pulmonary vein

a. * transport ATP to cells

when blood pressure in the L ventricle exceeds pressure in the aorta

vena cava, R atrium, R AV valve, R ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, lungs, pulmonary vein, L atrium, L AV valve, L ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta

the systemic and pulmonary circuits are closed circuits so a change in CO from on the R side will produce a change in venous return and therefore stroke volume on the L side, thereby equalizing CO

prevent the high pressure generated in the ventricles during systole from opening the AV valves into the atria

in capillaries fed by branches of the coronary arteries that perfuse all the cardiac muscle

sympathetic fibers generally release norepinephrine and parasympathetic fibers generally release acetylcholine at target tissues

cell with voltage-gated ion channels that undergoes rapid changes in membrane permeability to ions leading to action potentials

it allows the atria to contract and eject blood into ventricles before the ventricles contract

actions potentials that stimulate contraction of atrial and ventricular contractile cells are generated by autorhythmic cells in the heart itself

a. the spread of action potentials from the SA node to the ventricles is directed by the conducting system of the heart
b. action potentials in ventricular contractile cells spread via gap junctions from the apex of the heart towards the aorta and pulmonary trunk

b. Na+ / K+ ATPase uses ATP to generate a concentration gradient across the cell membrane for K+ (and Na+)
c. resting cells are somewhat permeable to K+; since the concentration of K+ is greater inside cells than outside, K+ diffuses out of cells leaving a negative charge on inside of plasma membrane

increased acetylcholine release from the vagus nerve terminals decreased the slope of the pacemaker potential in her SA node cells

b. * the rate of Na+ influx through funny Na+ channels in the plasma membranes of autorhythmic cells

during the qrs complex

blood pressure in the L ventricle exceeds pressure in the aorta, so the aortic semilunar valves will be open

an increase in the diameter of numerous arterioles

the use of mercury in childhood vaccinations explains the rise of autism

a. is regulated to a large degree by sympathetic fibers and local metabolic factors
b. has a huge effect on resistance to blood flow, so that decreasing the diameter by half will increase the resistance to blood flow 16-fold
c. is the principle means of short-term regulation of mean arterial pressure (MAP)
d. regulates the amount of blood flowing to individual tissues with changing demands

she had increased venous return due, in part, to increased activity of her respiratory and skeletal muscle pumps

b. atypical autonomic fibers release nitric oxide, a gas that causes arterioles in the corpus cavernosum to vasodilate
c. as blood fills the corpus cavernosum, the penile veins are blocked leading to sustained accumulation of blood under high pressure

heart rate

closing of the semilunar valves

a. an increase in muscle metabolic rate produces local vasodilation of arterioles in the skeletal muscles
b. the rate at which CO2 is removed from actively metabolizing muscle is increased
c. the sympathetic nervous system is activated and epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla
d. there is a large decrease in the resistance to blood flow into leg muscle capillary beds

stroke volume is the dependent variable

is best represented by the difference in stroke volume between points “w” and “y

stroke volume will increase from “w” to “z” due to an increase in venous return and increased sympathetic activity

at a certain point the ventricular sarcomeres are so stretched that there is not enough actin-myosin overlap to produce a forceful contraction (length-tension relationship)

blood pressure is greater in tiny capillaries than in large veins

are more permeable to fluids and small solutes than continuous capillaries in skeletal muscle

the cardiovascular center of your medulla oblongata will increase the activity of sympathetic fibers innervating your heart and arterioles leading to an increase in MAP

in response to increased MAP, the kidneys are likely to increase urine production and thereby decrease blood volume
a. in response to decreased MAP, the kidneys are likely to decrease urine production and conserve water, thereby increase blood volume

* large elastic arteries act as pressure reservoirs while large veins act as volume reservoirs

a. increased muscular exertion will result in increased cardiac output; this will tend to increase MAP
b. increased muscular exertion will lead to CO2 buildup in leg muscles, leading to widespread vasodilation of arterioles in leg muscles; this will tend to decrease MAP
c. dehydration will lead to a decrease in blood volume; this will tend to decrease MAP
d. dehydration will lead to an increase in blood viscosity; this will tend to increase resistance and MAP

baroreceptors in his aorta and carotid sinus responded to the increased stretch of his arteries and signaled his cardiovascular center increase parasympathetic and decrease sympathetic output