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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gene
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A section of DNA that influences some hereditary trait in an individual
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Homologs
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Homologous chromosomes
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Autosomes
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non-sex chromosomes
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Karyotype
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number of chromosomes present
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Diploid
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Organisms that have 2 versions of each type of chromosome
diploid organisms have 2 alleles of each gene-one on each homologous pairs of chromosomes |
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Haploid
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Single-form, haploid organisms do not contain homologous pairs
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Polyploid
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species have three or more of each type of chromosome in each cell
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sister chromatids
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contain the same genetic material and are physically joined a the centromere
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unreplicated chromosome
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a chromosome that consists of a single copy
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Ploidy
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number of each type of chromosome present
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Daughter Cells in mitosis are...?
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They are genetically identical to one another and to the parent cell.
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In human and many other eukaryotic species' cells, the nuclear membrane has to disappear in order for what to take place?
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attachment of mitotic spindle to kinetochores
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Metaphase occurs prior to the splitting of centromeres. It is characterized by...?
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aligning of chromosomes on the equator.
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What evidence suggests that during anaphase, spindle fibers shorten at the kinetochore and not at the base of the mitotic spindle?
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When fluorescing microtubules are bleached in the middle, the bleached segment stays stationary as the fibers shorten near the kinetochore.
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What are homologous chromosomes?
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chromosomes that are similar in their size, shape, and gene content
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Nucleoli are present during...?
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Interphase
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Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies
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telophase
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Chromosomes become visible during
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prophase
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Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during
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prometaphase
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Nerve cells lose their ability to undergo mitosis. Instead, they are permanently stuck in
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G0
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Once researchers understood that chromosomes are moved by the spindle microtubules, the next question they wanted to answer is how the microtubules function to bring about this process. They used fluorescent labels to make the chromosomes and the microtubular structures fluoresce. When anaphase began (centromeres split), they photobleached a section of microtubules. As chromosomes moved toward the poles of the daughter cells, the photobleached sections of the microtubules remained stationary. This result suggests that...?
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the microtubules elongate and shorten at their kinetochore end.
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Mitosis takes place during what phase?
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the M phase which is the shortest phase of the cell cycle
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Which term describes two recently replicated DNA strands that are joined together just before cell division?
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Sister Chromatids
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During which stage of mitosis are chromosomes lined up in the center of the cell?
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Metaphase
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Which stage of mitosis is characterized by the disintegration of mitotic spindles and the formation of two new nuclear membranes?
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Telophase
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To which part of the centromere do mitotic spindle fibers attach during prometaphase?
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Kinetochore
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During which substage of mitosis do sister chromatids break apart and start moving to opposite poles of the cell?
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anaphase
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Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.
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Two...haploid
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During _____ sister chromatids separate.
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anaphase II
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At the end of _____ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids.
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telophase I
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Synapsis occurs during...?
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Prophase I
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Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during
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anaphase I
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At the end of _____ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.
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telophase II
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During _____ a spindle forms in a haploid cell.
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prophase II
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What is not synthesized from a DNA template?
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Amino Acids
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The process of using the information in mRNA to synthesize a protein is _____
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translation
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When is a single base substitution mutation least likely to be deleterious?
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when the single base change results in a codon that specifies the same amino acid as the original codon
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Null Allele
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a mutated form of a gene that does not make a functioning product
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central dogma
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The statement, DNA → RNA → Proteins
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Start Codon
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AUG -- Amino Acid = Met
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Stop codons
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UAA
UAG UGA |
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In the process of transcription
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RNA is sythesized
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Which statement best explains why some changes in DNA sequence do not change the corresponding protein
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The genetic code is redundant.
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What does it mean when we say the genetic code is redundant?
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More than one codon can specify the addition of the same amino acid
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When an amino acid is specified by more than one codon, what is usually shared by the set of codons that specifies this amino acid?
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the first and second bases
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In eukaryotic cells the first step in protein synthesis is the
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transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA
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Fats
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3 fatty acid chains attached to a 3-carbon molecule called glycerol
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Fatty Acid
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consists of a hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl functional group
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steroids
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characterized by their bulky four ring structure connected to their isoprene chain
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Phospholipid
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consists of glycerol that is linked to phosphate group and either two chains of fatty acid or 2 isoprene chains
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Saturated Lipid
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the hydrocarbon chain lacks a double bonds -- generally form solids at room temp -- butter, beeswax
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Unsaturated lipids
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hydrocarbon chain contains double bonds
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Diffusion
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constantly moving dissolved particles move according to a concentration gradient
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osmosis
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special case of water diffusion from a high concentration to a low concentration
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Hypertonic
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solution on the exterior of the membrane has a higher concentration then the inside
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Hypotonic
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Inside the membrane more concentrated then the outside
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Isotonic
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concentrations on each side of the membrane are equally concentrated
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