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41 Cards in this Set

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In terms of chemistry, why is water important?
Osmosis
What is the atomic number?
Number of Neutrons and Protons in atom
What is the mass number?
Total number of Neutrons and Protons in nucleus
What are elements?
They are made up entirely of one type of atom
What are mixtures?
substance composed of tow or more elements of compunds
What are solutions?
Mixture where all molecules of one substance are dissolved
What are Solvent?
Substance that is doing the dissolving
What is a solute?
What is being dissolved.
What are organic compounds?
Compounds that contain carbon
What is the other name for Macromolecules?
Polymers
What are polymers made up of?
Monomers
What is Dehydration synthesis?
aka "condensation reaction"

Forms polymers by combing monomers by "removing water"
What is Hydrolysis?
Separates monomers by "adding water"
What are carbohydrates?
Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules
What are three types of Carbohydrates?
*Monosaccaride
*Disaccharide
*Polyaccaride
What are lipids?
General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. They are soluble in hydrophobic solvents.
What are the functions of lipids?
1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against hear loss (insulation)
3. Protection against physical shock
4. Protection against water loss
5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
6. Major components of membranes (phospholids)
What is Triglycerides?
Lipids composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids (1:3)
What are the two types of fatty acids?
*Saturated fatty acids
*Unsaturated fatty acids
What differs between un/saturated fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds (bad) while unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds (good)
What is another name for Proteins?
Polypeptides
What are polypeptides made of?
Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds
What are the functions of polypeptides?
*Storage
*Transport
*Regulatory
*Movement
*Structural
*Enzymes
What are four structures of polypeptides called?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quartary
What are the primary polypeptides?
Animno acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chain)
What are the secondary polypeptides?
3D folding arrangement of primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds
What are the tertiary polypeptides?
2nd structures bent and folded into more complex 3d arrangements of links of polypeptides. Called "subunit"
What are the quaternary polypeptides?
Composed of 2 more more "subunits". Globular in shape, form in aqueous enviroments
What are the two types of Nucleic Acids?
*Deoxyribonuleic acid (DNA-double helix)
*Ribonuleic acid (RNA- single strand)
What Nucleic acids?
composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis
What are the three groups of Nucleotides?
*Phosphate group
*Pentage group (5 carbon)
*Nitrogenous bases
What are enzymes?
Proteins that act as catalyst to accelerate a single reaction.
What are the three "special" pints of enzymes?
*VERY specific for what they will catalyze
*ARE reusable
*Names usually always end in "-ase"
How do Enzymes work?
They use lower amounts of activation energy to start the reaction.
What is a substrate?
The reactant that the enzyme acts apon
What is the active-site?
a restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to a substance to start the reaction.
What is Induce fit?
Change in shape of an enzyme's active site (H+ and ionic bonds are involved) induced by substrate.

AKA the active site grabbing down on the substance.
What are the three factors that effect enzyme activity?
*Environmental conditions
*Cofactors and Coenzumes
*Enzyme Inhibitor
What are the environmental conditions that effect enzyme activity?
*Extreme temperatures are the main ones (high or low).
*High Temps may denautre (unfold) the enzyme
*pH levels
*Ionic concentration (salt ions)--they cause a silt change of the active site
What are Cofactors?
Inorganic compounds that effect enzyme activity
What are Coenzymes
Organic compounds that effect enzyme activity.