Biochem Concurrent 2

anchorage dependent
contact inhibited
growth factor dependent

anchorage independent
no contact inhibition
grown factor independent

defective in mismatch repair (MSH2, MLH1, PMS2)

develop tumors in colon, endometrium, ovary

used to classify mismatch repair status of tumor. Microsatellite (repeated sequence of DNA)

predisposition to skin cancer
faulty UV repair
caused by mutations in any of the seven genes involved in UV repair

BRCA1 & 2 genes are defective.

Genes are involved in homologous recombination and homology dependent repair of DNA double strand breaks

10-20% mismatch repair deficient

treatment is dictated by stage

causes chronic inflammation of stomach lining

major causes of gastric and duodenal ulcers, and gastric.

induces chronic inflammation of the stomach and gradual changes in the cells, resulting in the development of malignancy

tumor cells transmitted from one dog to another

cervical cancer. small, double stranded DNA viruses that infect epithelial tissue.

Viral proteins E6 and E7 promote tumorgenesis by inactivating tumor suppressor genes (p53 and Rb)

proliferation of myeloid cells in the bone marrow.

philidelphia translocation t (9;22) : creates gene expressing BCR-ABL polypeptide. ABL encodes tyrosine kinase that initiates signaling cascade that activates cell proliferation

treated with kinase inhibitor = imatinib = gleevec (competitive inhibition)

tamoxifen: blocks estrogen receptor

inhibitor of aromatase: enzyme used to convert testosterone to estrogen

Rb (tumor suppressor) protein is defective.

sporadic cases = mutations in both genes

hereditary = single mutation only because one already mutated

unphosphorylated RB binds and represses E2F transcription factor (inactive)

phosphorylated Rb is active.

Loss of Rb drives cell into S phase at reckless speed.

1) increased expression of cyclin D, phospho RB, frees E2F

2) increased expression of SCF, degrades CDKinhibitor, phospho Rb

3) increased expression of E2F

products of programmed self destruction do not injure organism

preps cell to be digested by phagocytes

using own lysosomal machinery

recycling of cellular components

uncontrolled cell death which results in cellular debris damaging organism, can lead to autoimmunity