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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homologous regions of DNA can be compard amoung different species to determine ________________
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phylogenetic relationships
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Closely related organisms contain similar DNA compliments, however they are often arranged ______
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DIFFERENTLY on the chromosomes of each species
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_____ can cary out other functions in addition to its role in gene expression including ______ or ________.
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RNA:
catalytic activity, signaling |
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3 divisions of the living world:
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bacteria
archaea eukaryotes |
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4 main processing for generating change in genome:
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intragenic mutation (SBC)
gene duplication DNA segment shuffling horizontal transfer (1 to another) |
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In bacteria, ________ & ________ is coupled and in EUKARYOTES the two processes are SEPERATED by _______________________
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transciption & translation:
nuclear membrane |
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___________ genes are usually clustered into groups (OPERONS) that are transcribed as _____________
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BACTERIAL;
single unit |
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__________ genes are usually broken up with regions of NONCODING DNA or introns beween regions of the coding DNA (EXONS)
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EUKARYOTIC
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Noncoding DNA
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INTRONS
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CODING DNA
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EXONS
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In comparison of same gene in different species the _____ will be verysimilar, while the _______ will vary in size and content
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EXONS (conserved)
INTRONS |
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_____________ chromosomes are densely packed with genes leaving very little DNA that is NONCODING
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BACTERIAL
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Most DNA of higher eukaryotes (humans) ______ code for proteins. Most of the human sequence is made up of _____________
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DOES NOT
REPEATED SEQUENCES |
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human genome sequences are __________ elements that can move around in the genome
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MOBILE
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Bacterial chromosomes are ______
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CIRCULAR
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Human chromosomes are _________
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LINEAR
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In addition to the human genome, the entire genomes of higher organisms have been completed including _____________________
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many bacteria that are found in the oral cavity
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[T/F/] IT IS POSSIBLE TO CONSTRUCT METABOLIC PATHWAYS AND COMPARE THEM OTHER ORGANISMS BY EXAMING THEIR ENTIRE GENOME CONTENT
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TRUE
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Genes can be grouped into families bases on ______________ found in different organisms
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similar (homologous)sequences
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_____________ can be found in genes of the same organism that carry out different but similar functions.
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Homologous sequences
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Genes that have similar funcions in very distantly related organisms ca have similar sequences
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HOMOLOGY
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____________ is used as a template to synthesize RNA during TRANSCRIPTION
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DNA
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____________ is used in TRANSLATION to code for protein molecules.
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RNA
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In some situations RNA can be used as a a template for DNA synthesis
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REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION
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DNA can lso be used as a template for DNA synthesis during _________.
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replication
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________________ is NEVER used as template to synthesizeRNA or DNA
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PROTEIN
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Each _______ nucleotides in an mRNA molecul (codon) codes of on amino acid
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3
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How many potential reading frames in each RNA molcule? In dsDNA?
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3, 6
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____________ is the structural component of the ribosome
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rRNA
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__________________ is a copy of genetic informaiton from a gene that is used during translation to specify (CODE FOR) a specific protein.
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mRNA
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___________ transfers the 3 base codon on an mRNA into an amino acid on a new polypeptide. It is used during translation s a bridge between the mRNA and synthesized protein
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tRNA
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The __________________ can be compared by comparing the DNA sequence of similar genes in the two organisms
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phylogenetic relationships of different organisms
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______________ is a DNA dependent (uses DNA for template) DNA synthesizing enzyme
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DNA polymerase
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RNA polymerase is a ________________ RNA synthesizing enyzme
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DNA dependent
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Reverse transcriptase is a _________________DNA synthesizing enzyme.
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RNA dependent
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Primase is a _______________ RNA polymerase
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DNA dependent
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___________ synthesizes a small RNA primer that can be used by the DNA polymerase to elongate the chain
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PRIMASE
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__________ minimzes the number of mistakes (mis incorporated nucleotides) by using the 3' ito 5' exonuclease (or proofreading) activity that is the same part of the protein
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DNA polymerase
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_________ as well as all other nucleic aci polymrases synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction only
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DNA polymerase
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During replication, each new nucleotide is added to the _____ carbo on the last nucleotide of the new DNA chain
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3'
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In eukaryotes, DNA is synthesized during the ____ phase of the cell cycle.
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s phase
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The base component of each nucleotide is conencted to the sugar at the ______ . The adjacent nucleotides in a DNA chain are attached at the ____ & __ ends.
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1st carbon.
5' and 3' carbons |
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The _____ carbon differs between RNA and DNA.
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2'
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_________ is an elongating enzymel it cannot INITIATE SYNTHESIS. Therefore, a _____ is required for elongation of a new strand using the DNA polymerase.
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DNA polymerase;
PRIMER |
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Bacterial chromosomes contain _________ origin of replicatin.
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ONE
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DNA synthesis proceeds in ______ directions away from origin until the two replication forks meet at specific sequences on the other side of the chromosome.
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BOTH
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{t/f} in bacteria, new rounds of DNA CANNOT begin before the previous round is complete.
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FALSE;
CAN begn rounds |
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_____________ chromosomes contain MANY origins of replication that may chang during the development of the organism.
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EUKARYOTIC
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In eukaryotes, each entire chromosome is replicated __________. Each cell division and new rounds of replication do not start until ater the cell divides.
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ONLY ONCE
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special structures placed at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes.
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telomers
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Telomers are constructed with __________ that uses an RNA template to synthesize a short replaced DNA sequence a the ends of chromosomes.
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the enzyme telomerase
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Because polymerase synthesizes DNA in 5'-3', the two polymerase molecules on opposite strands move ________
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AWAYfrom each other
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______________ seperates the 2 DNA strands BEFORE polymerization of new strands
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helicase
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Single stranded bining proteins keep the two complementary strands from __________________.
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reforming a double helix
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The polymerase of the LEADING strand moves ___________ the replication fork, and the polymeras on the LAGGING strand moves _____________.
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TOWARDS,
AWAY |
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The lagging stand is synthesized in __________
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short OKIZAKI fragments
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__________ initiates synthesis of each Okizaki fragment by make a SHORT RNA PRIMER
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Primase
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The leading strand is synthesized by the ____________ movement of the DNA polymerase along the template.
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CONTINOUS
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____________________ of the DNA signals that the DNA is UNREPLICATED, and is ready to be used for next round of synthesis
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METHYLATION
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New or modified genes can be generated by one or combo of these 4 events:
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1. point mutation
2. duplication of entire gene 3. Segment shuffling 4. Horizontal Gene transfer |
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t/f/ mnay gene belong to gene families that share homolougous regions. these regions usually code for protein that carry out SIMILAR functions
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TRUE
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What faciliates the initiation of recombination??
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Breaks in DNA ( esp. DOUBLE STRANDED BREAKS)
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A defect in __________ can cause abnormal amounts of recombination
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DNA LIGASE
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ENzyme that effects the joining together of adjacent segments of DNA on a chromosomes
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DNA LIGASE
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_____________is the reciprocal exchange of genetic info
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Recombination
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Recombination can be a result of: 4 possibilies
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1. reciprocal exchange during cell division
2. DNA damage (x-ray 3. intro of foreign dna 4. progammed recombo during deveopment or matuation |
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Gene conversin is a ________ exchange of genetic information
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NON RECIPROCAL
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Recombo between DIRECT repeate sequences on SAME chromosome causes _____________________
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loss of DNA that was between te two repeated segments
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____________ DNA can be inserted in a chromosome by recombination between a region of acircular chromosome & a homologous region on a chromosome
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CIRCULAR
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XRAYS and other agents that causes breaks in DNA induce ____________________.
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Recombination
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[t/f] transposable elements are found in ALL species from bacteria to human
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TRUE
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{t/f} transposable elements CANNOT MOVE from one location in the DNA to another location WITHIN that cell
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FALSE
****can move *** |
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[t/f] transposable elements CAN CAUSE changes in the DNA at teh site of the insertion
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TRUE
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2 major types of transposable elements: explain first type
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1/ contains inverted repeated sequences at ENDS & causes short region of genome to be duplication at site
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2 major types of transposable elements: explain 2nd type
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2. structurally similar to a RETROVIRUS an transposes through an RNA INTERMEDIATE
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__________________ is recombination that resulted from imprecise pairing of tandemly repeated seqences.
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UNEQUAL CROSSING OVER
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Unequal crossing over results in _______ or _______ of gene copies
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loss or gain
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two types of mutations:
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DNA rearrangments and base substitutions
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[t/f] there are many mechanisms in each cell for repairing DNA
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true
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Damage to a nucleotide (DEAMINATION) can either be REPAIRED or lead to ________
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permananet mutation
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Mutations can be caused by either ____________during replication or by __________to the DNA from chemicals or radiation.
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errors:
injury |
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A small fraction of every genome (3%) is madeup of _____________ or large regions of DNA that are present in more than one copy
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SEGMENTAL duplictions
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Duplicated DNA is generated by a process called _____________
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gene amplification
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Gene amplification can resultin _______, ______, or _________.
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resistance to drugs
transformation into cancer cell other changes in the cell phenotype |
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Several human diseases are due to defects in ________
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DNA repair enzymes
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