Biol 1101k final

One of the alternative forms of a single gene. In pea plants a songle gene codes for seed color and it comes in two alleles one codes for yellow seeds, and the other codes green.

Saturated, unsaturated, steroids, phospholipids, and wax.

The end of the transfer RNA molecule that can bind with a particular codon on the mRNA transcript.

A collection of tubules near the testis in which sperm complete their development and are stored.

Any cell that can give rise to more cells of its kind, along with at least one variety of specialized cell.

A process in genetics in which a single primary transcript can be edited in different ways to yield multiple messenger RNAs, which in turns yields multiple proteins.

A convoluted tubule inside the testes where sperm development begins. Immature sperm are eventually released into the interior cavity of a tubule and travel to the epididymis where sperm maturation is completed.

In human males, the tube that carries the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra for ejaculation.

A structure located on the front end of a vertebrate sperm cell; contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the accessory cells surrounding the oocyte.

An mRNA triplet that codes for a single amino acid or a start or stop command in the translation stage of of protein synthesis.

A basic constituent of an atom, found in the nucleus of the atom and having positive electrical charge. Elements are defined by the number of protons in their nucleus.

Hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells that is formed in the early stages of the embryonic development of humans and other mammals. Known as blastula in non-mammals .

The cells at the periphery of the developing mammalian embryo that establish physical links with the mother's uterine wall and eventually develop into the fetal portion of the placenta.

One of three primary constituents of an atom, possessing no electrical charge and found in the atom's nucleus. Isotopes are defined by the number of neutrons in an atom.

A collection of tubules near the testis in which sperm complete their development and are stored.

Any cell that can give rise to more cells of its kind, along with at least one variety of specialized cell.

An atom whose number of electrons differ from its number of protons, thus giving it an electrical charge.

An experimental croos in which the plats used differ in two of their characters. Breeding for 2 characteristics.

A convoluted tubule inside the testes where sperm development begins. Immature sperm are eventually released into the interior cavity of a tubule and travel to the epididymis where sperm maturation is completed.

In human males, the tube that carries the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra for ejaculation.

A structure located on the front end of a vertebrate sperm cell; contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the accessory cells surrounding the oocyte.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

An enzyme that separates the strands of DNA into 2 parental strands and corrects errors.

Hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells that is formed in the early stages of the embryonic development of humans and other mammals. Known as blastula in non-mammals .

non sex chromosomes

A link in which two or more ions are bonded to each other by virtue of their opposite charge.

The cells at the periphery of the developing mammalian embryo that establish physical links with the mother's uterine wall and eventually develop into the fetal portion of the placenta.

Possessing two different alleles of a gene for a given character.

Heart, and blood vessels

Transports materials to and from other systems.
Arteries and veins have 3 layers an inner epithelium, a layer of smooth muscle, and a layer of connective tissue.

Arteries and veins are composed of connective tissue outer layer, muscle middle layer, and in epithelium layer.

Sinuses, pharynx, esophagus, right lung, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea,left lung, right lung, left bronchus, bronchi-oles

The respiratory system captures and distributes oxygen and disposes carbon dioxide produced by cells. Its also balances pH level in the bloodstream and allow us to talk by bringing air over the vocal cords.

Alveoli are located at the end of the bronchi-oles. Alveoli contains veins, an artery, elastic fibers, and capillaries. On the inside are the sacs.

The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction. Enzymes lower the activation energy, thereby speeding up the rate of the reaction.

Thymus, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

Defends against microbes and bacteria.

Immune cells
phagocytes (cells that can ingest other cells) neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages
Mast cells(release histamines)
dendritic cells(antigens presenting cell)
Lymphocytes(natural killer cells)

Pitutary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonad.

Produces and regulates hormones and bodily processes.

islet of langerhans

salivary gland, pharynx esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, anus.

The digestive system breaks down food so it's nutrients that can be absorbed by the rest of the body. Its also responsible for the retention and elimination of waste.

The digestive track is four layer
The outerlayer serosa: connective tissue.
Muscularis externa: circular and longitudinal muscle layer used for peristalsis
Submucosa: connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves.
Mucosa: highly folded lining of intestine where absorption occurs
The lining is villus:which contains capillaries, lymphatic vessels covered in epithelium and microvilli.

A group of atoms that confers a special property on a carbon-based molecule: carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino, and phosphate.

PID which can lead to sterility.

An experimental cross in which organisms are tested for differences in one character.Breeding organism for a single difference.

Arthritis, PID

Having two identical alleles of a gene for a given character.

heart, nervous system, and bone damage if allowed to progress

Recurrent skin lesions,eye damage, pregnancy complications.

HPV

A type of rNA that encodes and carries to ribosomes, and contains information for the synthesis of proteins.

Death, dementia, injury from a variety of opportunistic infections

A phosphate group, a sugar. and one of four nitrogens: Guanine, cytosine, or thymine. Nucleotides like together to form the outer rails of DNA.

A primary oocyte becomes part of a nurturing complex and cells called an ovarian follicle. Follicles mature by first becoming: a primary, then secondary, and tertiary follicle.The oocyte contained within the tertiary follicle is expelled.

The process of splitting glucose that takes place in the cytosol.The yield is 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

After the pyruvic acid combines with coenzyme A its becomes acetyl CoA it enter the mitochondria and into the Krebs cycle. The yield is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.

The building blocks of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, consisting of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base.

NADH and FADH2 donate electrons and proton to ETC. H+ ions pump through the ATP synthase turns it like a wheel and produces ATP. The yield is 34 ATP.

Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community,ecosystem, and biosphere.

A processes in which the enzyme rubisco undercuts carbon fixation in photosynthesis by binding with oxygen instead of carbon dioxide.

Channels in the plant cell wall that allows continuous communication between the cytosplam of cells.

A chemical reaction in which an endergonc reaction is powered by an exergonic reaction. All "uphill" or endergonic, reactions require an input of energy this energy is supplied by "downhill" exergonic, reactions.

The movement of energy uphill

A condition in which one or more entire sets of chromosomes has been added to the genome of a diploid organism.

The movement of energy downhill.

A physiological feature, bodily characteristics, or behavior of an organism.

Lose of one or more electrons by an atom or molecule.

A where electrons are shared unevenly through an atom.

A series of amino acids linked together in a linear fashion.

Amino acids linked in a linear fashion.

Inheritance of a genetic character that is determined the interaction of multiple genes, with each gene having a small additive effect on the character.

Carbon dioxide is first fixed to a four carbon molecule and transferred to special cells for the Calvin cycle.

Chloroplast membranes

The swapping of fragments by non-homologous chromosomes, resulting in gene sequences that are out of order on both chromosomes.

Any cell that is not or will not become an egg or sperm.

In protein synthesis, the process in which DNA's information is copied onto mRNA.

The process in which a polypeptide chain is produced within a ribosome based on the information encoded in the mRNA.

The transcription phase of protein synthesis, the enzyme the unwinds the DNA double helix and puts together a chain of RNA nucleotides complementary to the exposed DNA nucleotides.

End of interphase: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis.

Prophase 1, metephase 1, anaphase,telophase 1,

prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2,telophase 2

RNA polymerase unwind a section of DNA and strings together a string of nucleotides that are complementary to the DNA bases.

MRNA bind to a ribosome's A codon site. A tRNA molecule with appropriate anticodon sequence binds to the A codon caring its appropriate amino acid.

The heart is responsible for bringing in deoxygenated blood and pumping our oxygenated blood for the rest of the body.

ateries blood vessels that carry blood away.

The spleen:It acts as a filter for blood as part of the immune system. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there. The spleen also helps fight certain kinds of bacteria that cause pneumonia and meningitis.

Thymus: produces t cells from white blood cells. these t cells become helper cells, killer cells and regulatory cells.

pituitary:secretes and controls hormone functions such as our temperature, thyroid activity, growth during childhood, urine production, testosterone production in males and ovulation and estrogen production in females. In effect the gland functions as our thermostat that controls all other glands that are responsible for hormone secretion.

Pancreas creates insulin, produces bile and digestive enzymes.

Stomach breaks down food for digestion

Liver: converts food into energy, cleans blood, creates bile.