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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are mos named?
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binomial nomenclature:
genus species ex: Escherichia coli |
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What is taxonomy
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the systemic classification of naming organisms
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what is modern prokaryotic classification based on?
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similarity of rRNA
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What are the 3 domains of mos?
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archaea, bacteria, eukarya
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why are prokaryotes classified by rRNA?
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does not mutate very much/ very reliable
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What are 2 domains of prokaryotes?
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bacteria and archaea
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What make up archaea?
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G+, G-, cocci or rods, mycoplasma like
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What 3 characteristics make archaea different from bacteria?
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lack of peptidoglycan wall, cell membrane lipid has branched hydrocarbon, a.a. coded by AUG is methionine (not f-met)
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what is an obligate anaerobic CH4 producing archaea?
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methanogen
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What do methanogens do?
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CO2--> CH4 (methane)
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Where are methanogens found?
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cow stomach, sewage/sludge
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What can methane be used for?
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burnt as gas
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Where do archaea typically grow?
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extreme environments
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What are halophiles?
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archaea
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What is a halobacterium?
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obligate halophile: archaea
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How much NaCl do halophiles need?
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25%
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Where are halobacterium found
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env't with high salt concentration (salt ponds) bright red,orange color
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What are thermoacidophiles?
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need a very low pH and very hot temp to grow
archaea |
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What is sulfolobus?
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archaea: thermoacidophiles
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What are the requirements for thermoacidophiles?
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opt pH=2
opt temp= 70 C |
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Where does sulfolobus grow?
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in acid hot spring
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Does mycoplasma have low or high GC?
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low
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If GC matches, what does that mean?
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possibly the same: if don't match, DEFINITELY NOT the same
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What are characteristics of mycoplasma?
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no cell wall; pleomorphic
high sterol content in membrane can grow on artificial media w/ sterols fried egg colonies free living or parasite |
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What is an example of mycoplasma?
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M. pneumoniae- causes atypical pneumonia that can last for months in humans
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What can mycoplasma cause
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diseases in humans and animals
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What do mycoplasma have in cell membrane
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sterols
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What are four G+ cocci with low GC?
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micrococcus, staphylococcus, streptococcus, enterococcus
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What type of bacteria is micrococcus
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G+ cocci
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What type of bacteria is staphylococcus
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G+ cocci
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What type of bacteria is streptococcus?
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G+ cocci
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What type of bacteria is enterococcus?
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G+ cocci
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Is micrococcus an aerobe or anaerobe?
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aerobe
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Where does micrococcus grow?
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skin: tetrad shape
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What are G+ cocci found in clusters?
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staphylococcus
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Describe staphylococcus?
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facultative anaerobe, facultative halophile
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Where does staphylococcus grow?
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on skin and mucous membrane of humans and animals
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How much NaCl can a facultative halophile grow in
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up to 10%
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What are some infections caused by staphylococcus aureus?
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skin infections: scald skin syndrome, impetigo
food poisoning toxic shock syndrome |
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What is scald skin syndrome common in
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newborns
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What should you do w/ impetigo?
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get antibiotics right away
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How does staphylococcus aureus cause food poisoning?
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heat stable enterotoxins: vomitting and diarrhea: takes 30 min to 6 hours: boiling cant even kill it
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What are signs of toxic shock syndrome?
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rash, high fever, organ failure, and death
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What type of mos is streptococcus in response to oxygen?
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aerotolerant
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What is formation of streptococcus?
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cocci in chain
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What are some pathogens from streptococcus?
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S. pyogenes
S. pneumonia S. mutans |
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What does S. pyogenes cause?
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strep throat
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What does S. pneumonia cause?
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pneumonia
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What does S. mutans cause?
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dental caries/plaques
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What is strep throat plus a rash?
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scarlet fever: shown by strawberry tongue (raw tongue w/ white dots)
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What should you do w/ strep throat (Streptococcus pyogenes)
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get antibiotics right away
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What is a complication of strep throat?
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rheumatic fever that can cause heart damage and arthritis
nonreparable |
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What causes flesh eating bacteria that causes necrotizing faciitis?
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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What bacteria is called flesh eating bacteria
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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What does S. pyogenes infect
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facia (membrane wrapping muscles) results in amputation
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Describe Streptococcus pneumoniae
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causes pneumonia
diplococci antiphagcytic capsule protects it from phagocytosis secondary invader (causes infection after stressed by other infection) |
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What protects S. pneumoniae from phagocytosis?
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antiphagcytic capsule
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How does S. pneumoniae infect?
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secondary invader:
it can live in the body w/o causing anything: it usually causes infection after stressed by something else like stress, disease, smoking |
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What streptococcus is a food fermenter?
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S. thermophilus: one of the 2 bacteria that ferments yogurt
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What 2 bacteria ferment yogurt?
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streptococcus thermophilus and
lactobacillus |
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What kind of pathogen is enterococcus?
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opportunistic pathogen (nosocomial infection)
get it if not in really great health or have low immunity |
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What can enterococcus cause?
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UTI
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What is highly resistant to antibiotics?
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enterococcus
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What is a fecal indicator?
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enterococcus
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What is a nosocomial infection
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caught in the hospital
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What are the 2 G+ endospore formers?
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bacillus and clostridium
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What are bacillus?
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G+ aerobic or facultative anaerobic rods in chains
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What is clostridium?
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G+ anaerobic rods
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What does Bacillus anthracis cause?
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anthrax
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How is B. anthracis transmitted?
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air, contact, and food
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What are the 3 forms of B. anthracis?
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respiratory form (inhalation)
enteric form (ingest meat) cutaneous form (cut) |
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What is used as a bioterrorism weapon?
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B. anthracis
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What Bacillus produces polymyxin?
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B. polymyxa
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What is polymyxin
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antibiotic
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Where is B. polymyxa found?
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skin
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What causes botulism?
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Clostridium botulinum
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What is botulism toxin?
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a neurotoxin that causes paralysis of muscles and death
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What does botulism toxin do?
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prevents release of the NT ACh (acetylcholine) and the muscle cannot contract resulting in paralysis
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What is botulism toxin used to treat?
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lazy eyes
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What is food botulism
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causes food poisoning
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What is very potent botulism?
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food botulism: only takes 2 ng to kill a 200 pound person
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What is infant botulism?
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infant eats spores and gets a food infection
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What is wound botulism?
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spores germinate in wound
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What occurs in infant botulism?
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spores germinate in the intestine; adults have normal flora so botulism cannot compete: infants do now have much normal flora and neither do those on HEAVY antibiotics
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Where does botulism germinate?
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in veggies: cannot germinate in acidic pH
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Where is food botulism likely found?
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canned veggies:
anaerobic bacteria If you underheat, the spore can survive If you boil before eating (10 minutes) it can kill the spores |
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Why can infants not have honey?
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it may have botulism spores
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What is tetanus toxin?
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a neurotoxin that causes violent contraction of muscles (spasm)
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What causes tetanus?
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Clostridium tetani
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What causes gas gangrene?
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C. perfringens (anaerobe)
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What does clostridium perfringens do?
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ferments sugar and produces a gas which is trapped in the tissue: gas gangrene
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How do you fix a gas gangrene toe?
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hyperbaric chambers (pressurized oxygen) that kills C. perfringens because it's an anerobe
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What are 2 regular nonsporing G+ rods with low GC?
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lactobacillus, listeria monocytogenes
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What is lactobacillus in response to O2?
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aerotolerant
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What does lactobacillus do?
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ferments sugar to lactic acid to maintain acidic pH and prevent growth of other organisms
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What is normal flora in intestine and vagina?
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Lactobacillus
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What is lactobacillus used for?
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normal flora in intestine and vagina and a food fermenter
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What is the shape of lactobacillus?
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slender rods
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What occurs in lactococcus are killed?
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can get yeast infection
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How do you treat a yeast infection?
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eat yogurt
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What is listeria monocytogenes?
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nonsporing G+ rod that is food borne and a psychrotroph
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What does Listeria monocytogenes cause?
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meningitis, abortion
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Who is at high risk for listeria monocytogenes?
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elderly and babies
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What grow at 4C and in fridge?
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psychrotroph: Listeria monocytogenes
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What causes acne?
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Propionibacterium
P. acnes |
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What are some Propionibacterium used for?
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to ferment Swiss cheese
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What is an irregular nonspring G+ rod with a high GC?
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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What does Corynebacterium diphtheriae cause?
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diphtheria
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How does C. diphtheria work?
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after infected by a phage, it can produce diphtheria toxin
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How can diphtheria be prevented?
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DTP vaccine
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What is DTP vaccine for?
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Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis
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What is diphtheria shown by?
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a pseudomembrane in the throat that blocks the air passge
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What does diphtheria do?
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cytotoxic/kills cells
makes a thick layer of dead white bacteria tight to the back of the throat that blocks breathing |
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What is a filamentous bacteria with a high GC?
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streptomycetes
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Where is streptomycetes found?
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in soil
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What does streptomycetes do?
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produces antibiotics: forms conidiospores (naked spores)
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What looks like fungi but is not?
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streptomycetes
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What are 2 acid fast bacteria with high GC
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mycobacterium and nocardia
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What are some characteristics of acid fast bacteria?
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waxy layer: mycolic acid
hydrophobic grows very slowly causes chronic disease very resistant to chemicals and drying chemicals do not penetrate well |
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What is an acid fast rod with high GC?
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mycobacterium
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What causes TB?
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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What is a chronic disease that takes years to treat?
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TB
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What does M. tuberculosis do?
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goes into the marcophage in the lungs, groups together, makes tubercules, and if they break, causes a great infection
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What causes leprosy?
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Mycobacterium leprae
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What are teh 2 forms of leprosy?
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tuberculoid form and lepromatous form
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What is tuberculoid form of leprosy?
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benign form: some immunity patches on the skin that lose sensation
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What is lepromatous form of leprosy?
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nodules that can cause bones to be damaged: long term treatment with antibiotics
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How is leprosy transmitted?
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close contact
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What is a acid fast G+ filamentous with high GC
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nocardioform
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Where is nocardioform found?
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soil
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What is something Nocardioform can cause?
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Mysetoma
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What can many species of Nocardioform cause?
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diseases
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