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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List in order the levels of organization from atoms to organisms. Which does physiology focus on?
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-atom - molecule - organelles - cell - tissue - (organs) - (organ systems) - (organism)
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What is the smallest atom?
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-hygrogen
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What is the charge of all atoms?
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-zero, neutral
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What is the name for 2 or more bonded atoms? What is the name for 2 or more bonded elements? Give an example of each.
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-molecule H2
-compound H2O |
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How many electrons can be in the top 3 shells of an atom?
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-first: 2
-second: 8 -third: 8 |
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Relative to the nucleus, what is the strength of the electrons in each shell?
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-electrons closer to the nucleus are weaker than electrons farther away from the nucleus
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What are valence electrons? What do they determine?
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-number of electrons in outer shell
-stability of atom |
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Name 3 types of bonds, their characteristics, and an example of each.
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-covalent bonds: strong, electron sharing ie H-H
-ionic bonds: weaker than covalent bonds, electron transfer (forms ions) ie NaCl -hydrogen bonds: weakest, bond between molecules |
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Define an ion. What are the types?
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-a charged atom or molecule
-cation: positively charged -anion: negatively charged |
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Describe 4 special properties of H2O.
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-cohesion: sticks together
-adhesion: sticks to other charged substances -high specific heat: requires high amount of heat energy to raise 1 gram 1 degree Celcius -acts as a solvent for charged or polor melecules |
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How many bonds can H,O, N, and C make?
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-Hydrogen: 1
-Oxygen: 2 -Nitrogen: 3 -Carbon: 4 |
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What are the effects of hydrogen bonds (4)?
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-difficult to freeze; 0 degree celcius
-difficult to boil; 100 degrees celcius -highest surface tension of all liquids -solid state (ice) lighter than liqud state (water) |
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Define pH, acid, and base.
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-pH: concentration of H+ ions
-acid: pH less than 7 -base: pH greater than 7 |
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What is the difference between a solution at pH 7 and pH 5?
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-The solution at pH 7 has 100x less H+ ions than the solution at pH 5.
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Name 4 macromolecules important to life, their respective polymer and monomer.
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-nucleic acid (P), nucleotides (M)
-proteins (P), amino acids (M) -carbohydrates (polysaccharides) (P), single sugars (M) -lipids (P), fatty acids and glycerol (M) |
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Describe the difference between the terms hydrophobic and hydrophillic.
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-hydrophobic: generally non-polar and does not mix with water
-hydrophillic: generall polar and mixes well with water |
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Give 2 examples of polysaccharides.
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-starch; appears long and circular (plants)
-glycogen; appears heavily branched (animals) |
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What is the relationship between glycerol and fatty acids?
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-glycerol serves as a base for fatty acid chains in the formation of fats
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What are phospholipids and what is their significance?
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-phospholipids are very negatively charged molecules that can be found between glycerols and fatty acids
-phospholipid bilayer is the basis of all membranes |
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What are the monomer of proteins? How many are there?
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-20 amino acids
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Describe the basic molecular structure of protiens.
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-3 groups: animo group, carboxyl group, and "R" group held together by peptide bonds (polypeptide)
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Describe the levels of structures of proteins.
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-primary structure: linear sequence of animo acids
-secondary: formation of helix or folds (due to hydrogen bonding) -tertiary: shape of whole polypeptide -quarternary: interactions of several polypeptide chains with each other ie hemoglobin |
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What kind of reaction requires energy input? Give an example.
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-endergonic reaction ie dyhydration systhesis
-anabolic reaction |
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What kind of reaction releases energy? Give an example.
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-exergonic reaction ie hydrolysis
-catabolic reaction |
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What is an electrolyte solution?
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-solution containing ions
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What is a mole?
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6.02 x 10^23 particles of any substance
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What is molecular weight?
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-mass of 1 mole, in grams, of an atom, ion, molecule, or compound equal to its atomic mass
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What is Molarity?
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-number of moles of a substance in 1 liter of solution
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What is Osmolarity?
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-number of particles in a solution
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Describe the 3 types of tonicity.
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-hypertonic solution: contains more solute concentration than other solution sharing a similar permeable membrane
-hypotonic solution: contains less solute concentration than other solution sharing a similar permeable membrane -isotonic solution: contains equal solute concentration than other solution sharing a similar permeable membrane |
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What will the direction of osmosis between a hypertonic and hypotonic solution?
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-always from hypotonic to hypertonic
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Define: 5% of a solute in a solution
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5g of solute in 100ml of solution
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How do you calculate osmolarity from % solutions?
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Step 1: express percentage in terms of grams per 100 ml
Step 2: convert ml to liter Step 3: convert grams of solute to moles of solute Step 4: express moles per liter as molarity Step 5: express molarity as osmolarity |
