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96 Cards in this Set

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How does an embryo prevent its mother from menstruating?
By secreting Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Pg. 330
What does the secretion of HCG maintain?
It maintains the Corpus Luteum
Pg. 330
Embryonic and fetal development, or __________, is accompanied by the formation of the __________.
Gestation

Placenta
Pg. 330
What functions does the placenta provide?
Gas exchange
Detoxification
Elimination of waste products
and
The secretion of a number of hormones

It is even believed to contribute to the timing of childbirth through its hormonal secretions
Pg. 330
What two hormones promote lactation?
Prolactin

Oxytocin
Pg. 330
What hormone is released from the mother’s anterior pituitary after parturition?
Prolactin
Pg. 330
What hormone is released from the mother’s hypothalamus after parturition?
Oxytocin
Pg. 330
What is the end result if two eggs had been released at ovulation and both are fertilized by different sperm?
Fraternal Twins
Pg. 330
True or False. Fraternal twins do not have identical chromosomes.
True. They do not have identical chromosomes ((i.e.-one could be a boy while the other could be a girl)
Pg. 330
How long do sperm that have been deposited into the vagina after intercourse live for?
48-72 hours
Pg. 330
How long will an egg after it is released during ovulation survive for?
24 hours
Pg. 330
What is the scientific term for sexual intercourse called?
Coitus
Pg. 330
When should coitus be performed so that fertilization of egg will occur?
No more than 72 before the egg is released
or
Within 24 hours after the egg is released
Pg. 330
How long is the “window of opportunity” during a female’s monthly cycle that conception of a child is likely?
There is at best a 72-96 hour long “window of opportunity”
Pg. 330
How many layers surround the plasma membrane of a Secondary Oocyte when it is released at ovulation?
What are their names?
2

The Zona Pellucida
The Corona Radiate
Pg. 331
What is the name of the clear inner layer of Glycoproteins that surrounds a Secondary Oocyte?
The Zona Pellucida
Pg. 331
What is the name of the outer layer of Granulosa cells that surrounds a Secondary Oocyte?
The Corona Radiata
Pg. 331
What is the name of the cap that crowns the head of the sperm?
What does this structure contain?
Acrosome (which is a nucleus containing highly condensed chromosomes)

Digestive Enzymes that enable a spermatozoan to tunnel through the Zona Pellucida and Corona Radiata and fertilize the Oocyte
Pg. 331
What does the mitotic division of the diploid zygote produce?
It diploid daughter cells, and continues to produce a ball of small, genetically identical cells
Pg. 331
What is the name of the ball of small, genetically identical cells produced by the mitotic division of the diploid zygote?
The Morula
Pg. 331
How long after ovulation does the embryo reach the uterus?
About 3 days
Pg. 331
True or False. The embryo attaches to the Endometrium immediately when it reaches the uterus.
False. The embryo remains unattached to the endometrium for about two days following its enterance into the uterus.
Pg. 331
What is the name of the structure that the embryo changes into during the two days it remains unattached to the endometrium?
Blastocyst
Pg. 331
How many parts does the Blastocyst consist of?
2
Pg. 331
What will the each part of the Blastocyst eventually become?
The Fetus

and

The Placenta
Pg. 331
What is the name of the part of the Blastocyst which will eventually become the Fetus?
The Inner Cell Mass
Pg. 331
What is the name of the part of the Blastocyst which will eventually become the Placenta?
The Chorion
Pg. 331
What are the cells that form the Chorion of the Blastocyst called?
Trophoblast Cells
Pg. 331
What day following fertilization does the blastocyst attach to the endometrium?
What is this process called?
On the Sixth day following fertilization

Implantation
Pg. 331
What is the name of the condition when implantation does not occur in the uterus?
Tubal Pregnancies
or
Ectopic Pregnancies
Pg. 331
What do the trophoblast cells of the chorion secrete?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Pg. 331
What other hormone does hCG act like and what is its function?
It acts like LH

It prevents the death of the Corpus Luteum which otherwise would have occurred at the end of the nonfertile cycle.
Pg. 331
What hormones are continued to be secreted because of the presence of hCG?
Estrogen

and

Progesterone
Pg. 332
True or False. The secretion of hCG like LH is inhibited by high blood levels of estrogen and progesterone.
False. The secretion of hCG isn’t inhibited by high blood levels of estrogen and progesterone.
Pg. 332
Why isn’t hCG like LH inhibited by high blood levels of estrogen and progesterone?
Because unlike LH, hCG is not secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH from the hypothalamus.
Pg. 332
What is the major source of Estrogen and Progesterone secretion after the sixth week of pregnancy?

Why does this occur?
The Placenta

Because the secretion of hCG declines and the Corpus Luteum regresses at about the fifth to sixth week of pregnancy.
Pg. 332
High levels of _________ and _________ prevent menstruation during pregnancy.
Estrogen

Progesterone
Pg. 332
What does the Chorion develop as the Blastocyst implants?
Chorionic Villi
(Projections that invade blood-filled cavities in the endometrium that surrounds the embryo)
Pg. 332
What do the Chorionic Villi form?

What is this structure called?
They form a leafy-appearing structure

Chorion Frondosum
Pg. 332
True or False. The Chorion and its derivatives are not genetically the same as the embryo and fetus.
False. Because they are derived from the zygote, the Chorion and its derivatives are genetically the same as the embryo and fetus.
Pg. 332
What does the Decidual Reaction form?
The Decidua Basalis
(Which is a specialized region of the endometrium)
Pg. 332
What is the structure that causes the blood levels of estrogen and progesterone to continue to increase throughout pregnancy a combination of?
The Placenta is a combination of:
The Chorion Frondosum
and
The Decidual Basalis
Pg. 332
What combination that forms the placenta is fetal tissue?
The Chorion Frondosum
Pg. 332
What combination that forms the placenta is maternal tissue?
The Decidual Basalis
Pg. 332
What is found immediately beneath the Chorion and surrounds the entire embryo?
The Amnion
Pg. 332
What is the name of the structure the fetus and the umbilical cord is located in?
The Amniotic Sac
Pg. 332
What is the name of the process that removes some of the isotonic fluid found in the structure that contains the fetus and the umbilical cord?
Amniocentesis
Pg. 332
One of the functions the placenta performs is similar to what important organ?
The Liver
(Because in addition to its other functions it also performs a detoxification function)
Pg. 332
Why are all sexually active women who could become pregnant advised to consume a nutritious diet and avoid smoking and use of alcohol?
Because the embryo has formed by the time pregnancy is evident
Pg. 333
What hormones does the placenta secrete?
Estrogens
Progesterone
Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Chorionic Somatomammotropin (hCS)
Placental corticotrophin-releasing hormone (placental CRH)
Pg. 333
What is the name of the substance that the fetus’s adrenal cortex secretes?

What does the placenta do with this particular substance?
An Androgen called DHEA

It converts it into Estriol which is a type of Estrogen
Pg. 333
What are the functions of Progesterone secreted by the placenta?
It works together with placental estrogens to maintain the endometrium in a developed state
It promotes development of the mammary glands in the mother, as well as producing other effects during pregnancy.
Pg. 333
True or False. The placenta secretes much more progesterone than is secreted during the Luteal Phase of a nonfertile cycle.
True
Pg. 333
What specific placental hormone has actions similar to two anterior pituitary hormones?

What two anterior pituitary hormones is this substance similar to?
Chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)

Growth Hormone
and
Prolactin
Pg. 333
What placental hormone is believed to be linked to parturition?
placental Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone (placental CRH)
Pg. 333
Parturition typically takes place approximately ____ days after the last missed period, plus or minus ___ days.
280

14
Pg. 333
What anterior pituitary hormone does placental Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone stimulate?

What takes place because of this?
ACTH

This results in Cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex in both the fetus and the mother.

(This stimulates the placenta to secrete more CRH)
Pg. 333
What important organ in the fetus does Cortisol stimulate to mature?
The Fetal Lungs
(stimulating surfactant production and other tissues)
Pg. 333
What does ACTH secreted in response to placental Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone (placental CRH) stimulate fetal adrenal cortexes to do?
To secrete DHEA
Pg. 333
True or False. In human s, a drop in Progesterone causes labor and parturition.
False. In most mammals, a drop in progesterone causes parturition, but in humans the progesterone levels don’t fall at the onset of labor.
Pg. 333
True or False. The uterus only has contractions during parturition.
False. The uterus has contractions throughout pregnancy.
Pg. 334
What is it called when a woman is having strong and frequent contractions, but she is clearly not in labor?
False-Labor
and
Braxton Hicks contraction
Pg. 334
How is the onset of true labor marked?
Uterine contractions that occur regularly every 15-20 minutes and last for 40 seconds or longer
Pg. 334
What action(s) are induced by a stretching of the cervix?
Uterine Contractions
and
Oxytocin release from the Posterior Pituitary Gland
Pg. 334
How does Oxytocin secreted by the posterior pituitary stimulate uterine muscles?
It directly stimulates it
and
It stimulates it through the action of Prostaglandins
Pg. 334
What function(s) does the mucus plug of the cervix serve?
It prevents bacteria
and
Sperm from entering the uterus during pregnancy
Pg. 334
What is the specific name(s) of the process that occurs during the first stage of labor when there is no movement down the vaginal canal and the uterine contractions of labor occur in such a way that the cervical canal slowly disappears as the lower part of the uterus is pulled upward toward the fetus’ head?
Effacement
or
Taking up the cervix
Pg. 334
What is the name of the process that is assisted by the fetus’ head acting as a wedge?
Cervical Dilation
Pg. 334
What does “breaking the bag of waters” or the “bilateral shoe sign” refer to?
The breaking of the amniotic sac and the release of amniotic fluid
Pg. 334
When is the first stage of parturition determined to have ended?
When the cervix is dilated completely
(Full Dilation is typically 10 cm)
Pg. 334
What are the frequency and durations of uterine contractions during the second stage of parturition?

What starts to occur during this stage of parturition?
Uterine contractions occur every 1-2 minutes and last for about 1 minute each

The fetus begins its movement through the cervix and down the vaginal canal
Pg. 334
What is the name of the procedure performed to enlarge the vaginal orifice?
An Episiotomy
Pg. 334
What is the name of the process that describes the chance in shape of the baby’s head that occurs during parturition?
Molding
Pg. 335
What occurs during the third stage of parturition?
The Placenta
or
Afterbirth is delivered
Pg. 335
Approximately how long after the delivery of the baby is the placenta delivered?
About 15 minutes
Pg. 335
When is the third stage of parturition complete?
As soon as the placenta and its membranes are delivered
Pg. 335
What is the likely result of a baby not rotating later in the pregnancy so its head points down toward the cervix?

Why is this bad?

What is the name of the procedure that might be prescribed during this type of delivery?
A Breech Birth (Rump first)

It is very difficult for the cervix to expand enough to accommodate this form of birth
and
Asphyxiation of the baby is more likely to occur

A Cesarean Section (C-Section)
Pg. 335
What is the name of white, greasy, cheese-like substance that covers and protects a newborn’s skin?
Vernix Caseosa
Pg. 335
What is the name of the green, paste-like material that fills the intestines of a newborn?
Meconium
Pg. 335
What types of things can maternal hormones cause in a newborn?
They may cause the breasts in both male and female newborns to swell and secrete small drops of milk
and
They can cause newborn girls to have a period (menses)
Pg. 335
Each mammary gland is composed of ____lobes which are divided by _____________.
15-20

Adipose tissue
Pg. 335
What is each lobe of a mammary gland composed of?

What do these structures contain?
Lobules

They contain Grandular Alveoli
(That secrete Milk a lactating woman)
Pg. 336
Once milk has been produced in by the glandular alveoli in the lobules, where does it travel?
It is secreted into Mammary Ducts
Pg. 336
What do the Mammary Ducts form when they converge?

Where does this structure travel?
Lactiferous Ducts

They drain at the nipple
Pg. 336
What does the lumen of each Lactiferous Duct form when they expand?

Where does are these structures located?
An Ampulla

Just beneath the surface of the nipple
(Where milk accumulates during nursing)
Pg. 336
What process does the secretion of Estrogen stimulate to occur in the mammary glands during pregnancy?
Proliferation of the Tubules and Ducts
Pg. 336
What does the secretion of Progesterone stimulate to occur in the mammary glands during pregnancy?
It stimulates the development of the Mammary Alveoli
Pg. 336
What other hormones are needed for the mammary glands to respond properly to Estrogen and Progesterone?
Insulin
Cortisol
and
Thyroxine
Pg. 336
What lactation effect do high levels of estrogen have on a pregnant woman?
It stimulates the Hypothalamus to secrete
Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)
Pg. 336
What does PIH inhibit?
It inhibits the anterior pituitary from secreting Prolactin
Pg. 336
What is the name of the process that occurs to help maintain high levels of Prolactin during nursing (breast feeding)?
Neuroendocrine Reflex
Pg. 336
What does the sucking of a breast feeding baby stimulate?
It stimulates sensory endings in the breast, which relay impulses to the hypothalamus that inhibit the secretion of PIH.
and
It also causes the reflex secretion of Oxytocin from the anterior pituitary.
Pg. 336
What does Oxytocin stimulate to contract?

What is the name of the reflex that the secretion of Oxytocin stimulates?
It stimulates the contraction of the Lactiferous Ducts and the Uterus

This results in “The Milk-Ejection Reflex”
or
The Milk Letdown Reflex”
Pg. 336
How does a fetus and a baby receive immune protection from the mother?

What is the name of this type of immunity?
The fetus and the newborn receive immunity because the mother’s antibodies cross the placenta and enter the fetus’s blood during pregnancy.
and
Breast-fed infants also receive antibodies from their mother’s milk

This is called Passive Immunity
Pg. 336
What is the name of the first mammary gland secretion?

What is this substance rich in?
Colostrum

It is especially rich in antibodies
Pg. 336
What is the name of the group that gives advice on breast feeding?
LaLeche League
Pg. 337