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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the method of reasoning that uses construction of general principles by careful examination of hypotheses
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Inductive Reasoning
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What does life require?
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Order
Sensitivity Regulation Growth Development Reproduction |
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A Hypothesis..
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Does not always withstand the test of experiments, therefore it may be rejected in the light of new information.
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The Scientific Process involves
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rejection of the hypothesis that is inconsistent with experimental results.
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Evolution
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One type of organism can change gradually into another type over a long period of time.
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Evolution Requires
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Natural Selection
Adaptation Genetic Variation Change over time |
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Experimental Design
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A blueprint of the procedure that enable the researcher to test his hypothesis. Conceptual framework within which the experiment is conducted setting up plots to observe an experimental organism
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Long Term Population Study
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Include a comparison population to act as a control that would ensure the results obtained were due to differences in only one variable.
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Body Shivering
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Attempt to regulate the body's temperature - HOMEOSTASIS
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Organisms are composed of
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Molecules, which are made of smaller components called atoms.
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Negatively charged particles of atoms with almost no mass are called what?
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Electrons
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Elements that have atoms with the same atomic number but different number of neutrons are called
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Isotopes
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A gain of electrons is known as
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Reduction
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When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become negatively or positively charged. These are known as
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Ions
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In the crystal matrix of ordinary salt, the sodium and the chloride are connected by what kind of bonds?
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Ionic
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Non-polar molecules tend to aggregate in water because they are forced to come into close proximity to each other due to.
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Hydrophobic interactions
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The half life of Carbon 14 is 5,600 years.
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This means that the mass of 88 grams would be reduced to:
44 in 5,600 years 22 in 11,200 years |
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The most accurate endo-membrane route through which a protein is secreted from a cell is through:
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus Vesicles Plasma Membrane |
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Ribosome is involved in
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Protein Synthesis
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Enzymes in lysosomes in a cell help to
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prevent excess accumulation of lipids and other organic molecules within those cells
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Mitochondria are involved in
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Production of ATP
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Proteins of the plasma membrane are in large part responsible for the cell's ability to interact with it's environment.
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They act as or are involved in channels, recognition, transport and reception.
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A cell wall is not present in
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all eukaryotic cells.
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Nucleolus of the nucleus is the site of
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ribosome assembly
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The phospholipids are arranged to form the plasma membrane as a
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double layer with hydrophobic tails facing inwards toward each other.
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Micro tubules and micro filaments are the primary components of
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the cytoskeleton
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Macromolecules are disassembled in
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hydrolysis reactions
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Relatively small organic molecules with a central carbon atom bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a carbon containing group, and a hydrogen atom are
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amino acids
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DNA are macromolecules that
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store hereditary information for organisms
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Humans are unable to get metabolic energy from cellulose because we
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lack the cellulose digesting enzymes.
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A common lipid for energy storage are
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triglycerides
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Components of nucleic acids include
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a five carbon sugar,
a phosphate group, an organic nitrogen containing a base, and phosphodiester bonds |
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Within DNA
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A - T
G - C |
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A protein has
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a carboxyl end and is made of amino acids
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Hydrogen bonds between different parts of the polypeptide chain result in
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secondary level of protein structure
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When a protein is composed of more than one polypeptide chain, the arrangement of the chains is called
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the quaternary structure
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The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of
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lipids embedded with proteins
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If two solutions have unequal concentrations of solute, which is hypotonic?
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The solution with the lower concentration
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If a blood research laboratory is attempting to collect the content of human red blood cells, what kind of solution should they use to prevent the cells from lysing (bursting)
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isotonic
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During neuronal signaling, a change in membrane potential will cause sodium channels to open and let Na+ ions diffuse down their concnetration gradeient into the cell.
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This gradient is the Na+/K+ pump
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Glucose transport across a membrane requires the help of a
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protein
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The plasma membrane is composed of an extracellular and intracellular layer of phospholipids and contains
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glycolipids
glycoproteins peripheral proteins and integral proteins |
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Carbon Dioxide and oxygen gas passes through a lipid bilayer
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most readily
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Following a meal, glucose must move from the gut lumen where there is a high glucose concentration into the intestinal cell where there is a low concentration of glucose. This is called
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Facilitated Diffusion
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At least 90% of organisms on earth are
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heterotrophs:
fungi, eubacteria, animals and most plants |
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The first stage of cellular respiration and the oldest in terms of evolution is
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Glycolysis
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An electron carrier that is used in harvesting energy from glucose molecules in a series of gradual steps in the cytoplasm is
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NAD+
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Altering the 3d structure of an enzyme might prevent the substrate from binding to
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its active site
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For a reaction to occur, the free energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP would have to be _______ than the free energy of the reaction.
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Greater
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Useable free energy is negative and
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an endergonic reaction has a positive free energy. (delta G)
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The amount of energy available to do work is
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Free Energy
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Water behind a dam would be the best
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reflect of potential energy
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A competitive inhibitor enzyme competes for
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substrate binding sites on the enzyme
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The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics states that
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disorder in the universe is continually increasing.
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When a chemical has been oxidized, it means that
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it has lost electrons to another chemical in the reaction.
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The sites where molecules other than substrates bind in an enzyme to alter its activity are called
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allosteric sites.
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Enzymes have specific substrates with which they
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interact
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The movement of sucrose and H+ into the cell by a common membrane protein reflects
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transport through a symporter
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Water diffuses through certain organs such as the kidneys an bladder much faster than they would elsewhere through
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passive diffusion through a lipid bilayer alone because of aquaporin channels.
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The reaction C6H12O6 +6O2 = 6CO2+ H2O when it occurs in living cells is
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aerobic respiration
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1 glucose molecule can power the krebs cycle
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for two turns
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The enzymes of the krebs cycle are located in the matrix of the
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mitochondria
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Certain liver cells have a cell cycle of about
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1 year
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The attachment of microtubules is critical for the proper separation of
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sister chromatids
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Interphase is represented by
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G1 + G2 + S
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The first stage of mitosis - PROPHASE
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the chromosomes become visibly shorter and thicker
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Some of the portions of the chromatin, heterochromatin, are permanently condensed so that their DNA
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is never expressed
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The division of a bacterial cell occurs as the plasma membrane pinches inward
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constricting the cell
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the bacterial genome exists as a single, circular, uncoated, double stranded
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DNA molecule
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If a eukaryotic cell has a single set of chromosomes it is
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haploid
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Two species of frogs have similar ranges, but Rana aurora breeds from January to March, while Rana boylii breeds from March to May. This is an example of
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Temporal Isolation
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Species evolve continuously over long spans of time according to the concept of
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gradualism
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Chromosomes exchange genetic information by crossing over.
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This takes place in prophase I
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Between the two divisions of meiosis, there is no
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S phase.
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The synaptonemal complex is a lattice of proteins that holds
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homolouges together
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Meiosis and mitosis are both processes that involve nuclear division.
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Mitosis: Diploid somatic cells
Meosis: Haploid gametes |
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Genetic recombination leading to an increase in variability is possible because of
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independent assortment, crossing over, and fertilization with a non-related gamete
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Unique features of meiosis are
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synapsis, haploid daughter cells, and reduction division
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In anaphase 1 homologous chromosomes separate
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in anaphase II chromatids separate
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The purpose of meosis I is to
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separate homologous chromosomes
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In humans, gametes are haploid
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Somatic cells are diploid
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A diploid organism that has two identical alleles for the same trait is said to be
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homozygous for that trait
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The allelic makeup of an individual is
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their genotype
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The observable outward appearance of the genes of an individual is their
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phenotype
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The concept that offspring can inherit the acquired skills of their parents is called
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blending inheritance or Lamarck's Hypothesis
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In humans, having dimples is dominant. If a child has dimples and only one of her parents does,
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one parent must be dd and her parent could be Dd or DD
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In simple mendelian inheritance, the protein produced by a single allele can produce:
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The dominant phenotype
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When a single gene mutation can have phenotype effects at multiple stages of development, it is
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pleiotropic
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The probability of a couple having a daughter is
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50%
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Organisms generally have many more genes that assort independently than the number of chromosomes.
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This is due to crossing over
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In Drosophila, the sex of an individual is influenced by the number of copies of its
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X-Chromosomes
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Genetic exchange between two arms of a chromosome pair is more likely to occur if the distance between them is great.
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Crossing Over
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If some alternative alleles with detrimental effects exist in significant proportions in populations, the condition is called a
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genetic disorder
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Amniocentesis
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A procedure that is normally used for diagnosis of genetic disorders
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A test cross can be used to determine whether an individual that displays a dominant phenotype is homo or hetero
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gathers phenotypic and genotypic information
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In humans, if non-disjunction event led to an individual with XXY they would be a
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Male because of the Y chromosome
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Non disjunction led to XO, they would be
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Female due to the lack of the Y chromosome
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As genetic distance increases, the recombination frequency first increases in a linear fashion, but then levels off to about
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0.5
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The enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA molecules is
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DNA Polymerase III
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The chemical bond connecting one nucleotide with the next along the nucleic acid chain is called
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a phosphodiester bond
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Chargaff's Rules for the pairing of nitrogen bases is
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A to T and G to C
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The lagging strand is discontinuous
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Okazaki fragments replicate the strand.
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the site of the opening of DNA strands where active replication occurs
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The Replication Fork
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The DNA double helix is similar ladder that is twisted with
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alternating units of phosphate groups and sugars
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Uracil
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NOT found in DNA
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DNA
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Adenine and Thymine - 2 H+ bonds
Guanine and Cytosine - 3 H+bonds |
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Criteria for genetic material
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must contain information necessary to construct a whole organism, transmitted from parent to offspring, must account for known variation and it must be replicated
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the nucleotide sequence of mRNA codon
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composed of 3 bases
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In eukaryotic cells, mRNA is made as
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a complementary copy of the information found in the DNA strand
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64 unique mRNA codons can be constructed from
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the four mRNA nucleotides
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the bond that forms between the newly added amino acid and the previous amino acid is called a
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peptide bond
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In eukaryotes, the empty RNA molecule exit the ribosome from the
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E site
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The Central Dogma of biology is stated as
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DNA and RNA proteins
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Pre-mRNA is first produced from the
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transcription of a eukaryotic gene
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RNA polymerase is to transcription as ribosomes are to
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translation
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A gene is an organized unit of DNA sequences that enables a segment of DNA to be transcribed into
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RNA and ultimately results in the formation of a functional product.
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The components of the translation machinery are
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mRNA, tRNA, translation factors and ribosomes
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Disassembled sponges
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will re aggregate by species
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Organisms develop a normal morphology because cells can receive and interpret both
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extracellular and intracellular positional information
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The cellular processes for limb formation in correct order from first to last is
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cell division
cell migration cell differentiation cell death |
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To determine the function of a vertebrate gene by creating a mutant strain,
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Drosophila would be most suitable
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Desirable characteristics in a model organism to study development are
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short generation time
small size large oocytes produce many offspring |
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The operator is a site of negative genetic regulation
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binding by repressor blocks transcription
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An operon is a cluster of functionally related genes encoded into a mRNA molecule.
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a mode of prokaryotic gene regulating unit.
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A protein that initiates the transcription of genes which allow the use of non-glucose molecules is the
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CAP
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A protein that regulates transcription by binding to the operator is the
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repressor
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A well-understood transcriptional activator of E.Coli, which initiates the transcription of genes in non-glucose environments is called
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catabolite activator protein (CAP)
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in gene regulation, a gene is turned on by
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an activator
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The zinc finger, helix-turn-helix, homeodomain and leucine zipper are all examples of shapes in regulatory proteins which are used to
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bind DNA
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The DNA binding proteins of almost all regulatory proteins employ structural motifs that enable them to fit into the major groove of the
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DNA
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Control of gene expression enable bacteria to adapt to changing environments and multicellular organisms to
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develop, function as a whole, and maintain homeostasis.
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All regulatory proteins have common DNA binding motifs
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These are particular bends in their protein chains that permit them to interlock with the major groove of the DNA helix.
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The founder effect is the loss of:
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genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population
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Evidence for evoluton
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early development
vestigial structures patterns of distribution convergence |
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the evolution of different forms in the same lineage when exposed to different selective pressures is called
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divergence
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The features of feathers on Archaeopteryx clearly demonstrates that it was on the evolutionary line of
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dinosaurs to birds
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The side toes of horses, pelvic bones of whales, and the human appendix are all
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vestigial structures
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Biological Evolution is defined as
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heritable changes in characteristics across generations
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A group of related organisms that share a distinctive form is called a
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species
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Molecular evolution refers to molecular changes in genetic material that lead to
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phenotypic changes
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when looking at dogs, the major difference between natural selection and artificial selection is
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how the parents are chosen
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Transfer of a functional domain from one gene to another, creating a novel protein, can occur by
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exon shuffling
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the model that assumes that evolution proceeds with slow successive change in a given line is called
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gradualism
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the type of speciation that occurs geographically is called
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allopatric speciation
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Isolating mechanism that leads to reproductive isolation by preventing hybrid zygotes is called
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prezygotic isolating mechanism
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Two groups of organisms that differ from one another in one or more characteristics and do not hybridize extensively if they occur together in nature are
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considered to be different species
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The organization phases of development are regulated by
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morphogens, transcription factors, and segmentation genes
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The majority of Drosophila embryo segments will become part of the
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abdomen
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Homeotic genes encode transcription factors
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found in clusters called complexes activate developmental genes and a portion of these proteins can bind DNA
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A blastomere is the result of a tremendous increase in the number of cells, clustered by a
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decrease in the size of the cells
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Totipotency occurs very early in development.
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Each cell is capable of expressing all of its genes
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The founder principle explains how rare alleles may become more common in
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new populations
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a restriction in genetic variability caused by a drastic reduction in population size is called
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bottleneck effect
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The genetic contribution of an individual to succeeding generations compared with that of other individuals is known as
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fitness
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In the Hardy-Wienburg equations,
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frequency of 2 alleles - p and q
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When selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes, it is called
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directional selection
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Migration would be expected to produce the ________ evolutionary change in a population over time
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largest
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Extreme sexual selection would change the _______________ of a population
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allele frequencies
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All the members of a single species that occupy a particular area at the same time are known as a
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population
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A certain species of butterfly range from white to dark blue. The birds feed on the lighter or white butterflies. Leaving butterflies that are darker colored. This may result in
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directional selection
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