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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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evolution
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the change over time of the genetic composition of populations
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pattern of evolutionary data
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revealed by data and sciences
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process
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mechanisms that produce observed pattern of change, represent natural causes we observe
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natural selection
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populations of organisms can change over the generations if individuals having certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others (differential reproductive success)
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evolutionary adaptations
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a prevalence of inherited characteristics that enhance organism's suvival and reprodtuction
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evolutions happens within a _____ not a _____
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population; species
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fit
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able to get resources in order to have more offspring
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adaptation
it is a ___ not a ____ |
any trait that makes you favorable to environment
traits; verb you cannot adapt |
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Linnaeus
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taxonomy
first to organize organism thought species number and type were fixed |
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Hutton
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gradualism
earth is always slowly changing |
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Lamark
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evolution
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Malthus
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populations
humans are selfish, we will always compete, war famine, disease |
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Cuvier
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paleontology
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Lyell
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uniformitarianism
change happened because of an event |
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Darwin
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evolution
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Mendel
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inheritance
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Wallace
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evolution
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Descent With Modification
5 observations |
1 Exponential fertility
2 Stable proportional size 3 Limited resources 4 Individuals vary 5 Heritable variation |
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Descent with Modification
3 inferences |
1 struggle for existence
2 non-random survival 3 natural selection (differential success in reproduction) |
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convergent geographical distribution
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by change the environment makes species look similar
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divergent evolution geographical distribution
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start off as one species and then diverge or create cousin species
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homologous structures
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evolutionary relationships
similar structures, different functions |
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analogous
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same function, different structure
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vestigial structures
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organs in use but not necessary for survival
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pharyngeal pouches
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tails as embryos
first couple of weeks all vertebraes/cordada have pharyngeal pouches |
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species
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they can reproduce fertile offspring
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population
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defined by geographical barriers
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gene pool
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all possible genes that survive in a population
can have different gene pools in the same species |
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hardy weinberg theorem
p2 + 2pq + q2 AA Aa aa |
serves as a model for the genetic structures of a non-evolving population
1 very large population size 2 no migration 3 no net mutation 4 random mating 5 no natural selection |
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microevolution
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a change in the gene pool of a population over a succession of generations
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genetic drift
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coming and going of genes
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bottleneck effect
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type of genetic drift resulting from a reduction of population (natural disaster) such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population
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founder effect
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a cause of genetic drift attributable to colonization by a limited number of individuals from a parent population
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gene flow
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genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations (reduces differences between populations)
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mutations
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a change in an organism's DNA (gamete, many generations) original source of genetic variation (raw material for natural selection)
original source of change and evolution follows |
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non-random mating
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inbreeding and assortive mating (both shift frequencies of different genotypes)
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natural selection
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differential success in reproduction
only form of microevolution that adapts a population to its environment |
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polymorphism
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different phenotype for every genotype
our different looks |
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geographical variation
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same species is different because of geographical variation
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diploidy
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form of variation preservation
2nd set of chromosomes hides variation in the heterozygote |
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balanced polymorphism
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form of variation preservation
1 heterozygote advantage 2 frequency dependent selection (when there is too much of one allele then it is turned against to create an equal distribution of traits) |
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directional selection
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favor indivs exhibiting one extreme phenotype, common migration
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disruptive
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favors indiviv at both ends of extremes
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stabilizing
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acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate
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sexual dimorphism
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secondary sex characteristic distinction, not necessarily associated with survival
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sexual selection
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indiv with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain mates
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intrasexual selection
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selection within same sex, indivs of one sex compete directly for mates of opposite sex
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intersexual
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mate choice, indiv of one sex, usually females, are choosy of mate of other sex
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why we cannot make perfect organisms
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1 selection can act only on existing variations
2 evolution is limited by historical constraints 3 adaptations are often compromises 4 chance, natural selection and environment interact |
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discrete vs quantitative characters
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d - either/or traits i.e. purple of white flowers
q - vary along a continuum of a population (most heritable variation, result from influence of 2 or more genes on a single phenotypic character) |
