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What is Free energy?
the portion of system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
What is the Gibbs free energy (G)?
Free energy
What is the formula for /\G in a chemical reaction?
/\G= /\H -T/\S
What does /\H symbolize?
enthalpy, or total energy
What does /\S symbolize?
entropy
What does T symbolize?
temperature in Kelvins.
How do you convert celcius to kelvens?
K= C+273
Are /\G with a negative or positive spontaneous?
negative
True or False: For a process to occur spontaneously, the system must either give up enthalpy, give up order, or both.
True. p.146
True or False: Every spontaneous process increases the system's free energy.
False. Every spontaneous process decreases the system's free energy.
True or False: Some processes with a positive or zero /\G can be spontaneous.
False. Never. p. 146
True or False: /\G = G final state - G initial state.
True. The difference between the free energy of the final state and the initial state gives the change in energy.
True or False: Free energy is a measure of a system's instability.
True. Its tendency to change to a more stable state. p. 146
Do unstable systems have a higher or lower G?
higher
Do stable systems have a higher or lower G?
lower
True or False: Things tend to move towards a more unstable state.
False. Like dye diffusing in water, things like to move towards a more stable state.
In terms of stability, what is the definition of equilibrium
maximum stability
True or False: Systems can spontaneously move away from equilibrium.
False. Work is needed to move away from equilibrium.
True or False: For a system at equilibrium, G is at its highest posible value in that system.
False. G is at its lowest point in that system. p. 146
What is the definition of exergonic?
"energy outward"
What is the definition of endergonic?
"energy inward". Is one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.
Is the /\G negative or positive for an exergonic reaction?
netagive
Which occurs spontaneously, exergonic or endergonic?
exergonic
What is considered the magnitude of /\G?
the maximum amount of work the reaction can perform
True or False: The greater the decrease in free energy, the greater the amount of work that can be done.
True. Exergonic reaction. p. 147
Is the /\G in endergonic reaction positive or negative?
positive.
Is endergonic reaction spontaneous or nonspontaneous?
nonspontaneous
Would exergonic considered to be downhill or uphill?
downhill
Would endergonic considered to be downhill or uphill?
uphill
Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen, which have high levels of free energy, and releases CO2 and water, which have low levels of free energy. IS respiration spontaneous or not? Is it exergonic or endergonic? What happens ot the energy released from glucose?
Cellular respiration is a spontaneous and exergonic process. The energy released from glucose is used to do work in the cell or is lost as heat
A key process in metabolism is the transport of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane to create a concentration gradient. Other processes can result in an equal concentration of hydrogen ions on each side. Which arrangement of hydrogen ions allows the H+ to perform work in this system?
Hydrogen ions can perform work only if their concentrations on each side of a membrane differ. When the H+ concentrations are the same, the system is at equilibrium and can do no work.