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why is water so important to life? |
-a good solvent
-moderated effects of temperature
-forms an unusual solid:ice
-sticks together |
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water + dissolved subsance = |
solution |
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waht dissolves molecules with ionic bonds? |
NaCL-salt |
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what dissolves polar molecules? |
gluclose-sugar |
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the inside of our cells are mostly.... |
water |
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water is less ---when frozen |
dense |
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has a tendency to stick together? |
cohesion |
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surface tension? |
surfce reists tension |
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adhesion? |
sticks to polar surface |
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hydroxide ions is -- and -- |
negative and basic |
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hydrogen is -- and -- |
positive and acidic |
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acids and bases forms when |
water dissociates |
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acids and bases release H+ when... |
dissolved in H20 bases |
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acids and bases release OH wen... |
dissolved in H20 |
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the pH scale ranges from |
0-14 |
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(pH) a solution is acidic if it is... |
less than 7 |
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as you go down the scale there a fewer ---ions |
hydrogen |
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living things actively maintain their complex structure and their internal enviornment |
homeostatis |
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a particle composed of one or more atom held together by chemcial bonds; the smallest particle of a compound that displays all the propteries of that compound |
molecule |
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molecules with carbon and hydrogen, mostly made by living things? |
organic molecules |
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most biological molecules are ---based |
carbon |
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molecules with C and H-mostly made by living things |
organic molecules |
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how are organic molecules synthesized? |
1 use the same functional groups
2 formed by the modular group |
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a monomer is a... |
one single monomer |
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a dimer is... |
2 monomers together |
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a polymer is... |
multiple monomers |
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how does a cell reverse the action? |
hydrolysis reaction
"lysis" means splitting |
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what are carbohydrates? |
means carbon and water
(CH20) |
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3 types of carbs? |
monosaccharides
polysaccharides
disacchardies |
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what is a monosacchardie composed of? |
1 sugar
immediate E |
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what is a disacchardie composed of? |
2 sugars
short term E storage, transport |
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what is a polysaccharide composed of? |
many sugars, long term E storage, structural |
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what is chitin? |
makes up arthropod exoskeletons and fungus cell walls |
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what are lipids? |
lipds include: oil, fats, and waxes
phospholipids
steroids |
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characteristics of lipids? |
large regions with mostly C and H; non popular; hydrophobic; insoluble in H20 |
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what is osmosis? |
the diffusion of water across a differently preamble membrane |
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what are the effects of osmosis? |
isotonic solution, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution |
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a concentration gradient cease to exist when... |
there is no movement of molecules |
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a single-celled freshwater organism, such as portisian, is transferred to salt water. what is likely to happen? |
the cell shrinks |
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what is energy requiring transport? |
movement of substances in or out of a cell using energy |
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what is active transport? |
movement via membrane-spanning proteins |
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what does active transport require? |
E |
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active transport transports aganist what? |
conc gradient |
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endocytosis moves...? |
large particles in |
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exocytosis moves...? |
moves materials out |
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what is endo-excocytosis? |
cell ingestion and excretion---it is the active process for large molecules or large groups of molecules |
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endocytosis means? |
engulfment |
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what is pinocytosis? |
"cell drinking"; cell engulfs extracellular fluid |
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what is phagocytosis? |
"cell eating"; cell engulfs large particles |
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what is receptor-mediated endocytosis? |
molecules bind to receptor proteins and forms vesicles that brings in a high concentration of those molecules |
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exocyotis means? |
expulsion; material enclosed in a vesicle that fuses with plasma membrane |
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the cytoplasm of a certain cell, such as a nueron, already has a high concentration of K+ ions, how can K+ ions continue to enter the cell? |
active transport |
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water will ___ the cells of a fish living in fresh water becuase of the process of osmosis? |
move into |
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how are cell surfaces specialized? |
desmosomes
tight junctions
cell communication
cell walls |
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what do desmosomes do? |
stregthen attachments between cells- basically proteins |
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what do tight junctions do? |
prevent leakage between cells |
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what are gap junctions? |
cell to cell channels connecting adjacent cells |
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what are plasmodesmatas? |
channels through plant cell walls connecting adjacent cells |
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