Biology final

the process through which the species with the genetic variably best suited for its environment survives to pass on its genes, while others don’t(survival of the fittest)

cell replacement, cells reproduce but keeps chromosomes the same (asexual reproduction)

neither gene is successful at dominating so instead the genes blend (red+white=pink)

stop burning fossil fuels and use solar energy

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Humans did not descend from monkeys

variety of genes that code for the same trait (Rr)-eye color; skin color

photosynthesis absorbs CO2 while cell respiration releases CO2( how humans contributing excess CO2 is disrupting this balance)

the genetic makeup of an organism (the alleles that make it up)

one gene may influence several characteristics (can be dangerous when working with genetically identified foods)

After a fossil is found, its age can be determined by measuring how many half-life reductions have occurred since it died. For instance, carbon 14 has half life of 5,730 years, so if it weighs half as much as a living organism, then one can assume the 5,730 years have passed.

a trait whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene. Traits that display a continuous distribution such as height and skin color are polygenic.

Monosaccharide(glucose), disaccharide(lactose), polysaccharide(cellulose)

Father of genetics

1. More food can be produced
2. Farmers should be making larger profits (until corporations take their share)
3. Some GMOs are made in order to contain a higher vitamin content
4. Less pesticides needed in certain crops
5. Drugs can be made more cheaply

1. Large corporations now own GMo food crops, and farmers are becomming dependent on corporations= Copr. monopoly on food
2. Cross contamination of GMO crops with organic crops due to wind and insects
3. Pleitrophy- 1 Gene may influence more than one trait (scientists don't always know all of the possible traits before creating recombinant)
4. More powerful herbicides must be used since insects are already developing imunity to the pesticides GMOs contain
5. New and more intense allergies are on the rise because due to pleiotrophy we are consuming a lot more of things that we don't even know about

energy

physical traits of an organism

egg and sperm cells( sex cells)

wrapped up strand of DNA that holds blueprints of information

a cell with a single chromosome set(23) for instance gametes

not visible in the phenotype unless the gene is homozygous for the trait

combining DNA from 2 different sources resulting in a gene combination different than that of the parents (ex: i have something now that my parents don't)

chromosomes that do not have to do with sex determination ( in humans each haploid contains 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome)

amino acids

having two different alleles

1. Genetic variety exists- No two organisms of a species are the same
2. Lifes a struggle- more organisms are born than can survive
3. Natural selection- the more fit organisms will survive to pass on their superior genes
4. Over time the genes of the species will evolve
5. Eventually the adaptation will become a standard feature of the (somtimes new) species (speciation)

Earth- destruction of natural resources, flooding, more intense storms, sea level rise due to ice cap and glacier melting, and ice cap melting is also reducing reflective light when the water is absorbing the light, permafrost is melting which causes houses to sink,

Economy- Loss of climate related jobs

Disease- Disease will emerge in places it was not found before because disease spreading insects will move into areas it could not survive in the past

ordered sequence of fossils in the ground as they appear in rock layers marking the passage of geological time

a fertilized egg

trait exhibited regardless of whether or not its allele is identical

change over time

burning fossil fuels

having 2 identical alleles

when body cells split to become egg cells, the members of a chromosome fail to separate resulting in gametes with an abnormal # of chromosomes (RESULTING IN DOWN SYNDROME)

the physical unit of heredity

cell division that results in sex cells (goes from diploid # (23) to haploid #(46)

purposeful manipulation of genes from one organism to another resulting in a new recombinant

our bodies use more nutrients to digest processed foods than are actually absorbed from eating them.

both genes are expressed (AB blood type)

No 1 trait is genetically tied to another(independent from each other)-- Discovery that lead scientists to believe that race is socially constructed

enzymes(regulates biochemical reactions), structure, storage(stores amino acids), defense(provides antibodies), transport

parents can only contribute one gene per trait

chromosome that determines gender (X or Y)

because all proteins are composed of only 20 different amino acids all in different arrangements. The sequence of those arrangements determine what kind of protein it composes. That means that similarities between amino acid sequences determine how closely related different organisms are.

fatty acids, provides longterm energy and lubricant

two sets of chromosomes (half from the mother, half from the father//(why people have 46 chromosomes)

Father of evolution

1. The rate at which we are consuming resources exceeds the rate at which these resources can replace themselves
2. Not enough of our products are biodegradable
3. The technical cycle is getting mixed with the biological cycle, so neither can be disposed of in an ecologically friendly manner, resulting in landfills and other graveyards for toxins that at best just sit there for years and years, and at worst pollute our water or worse

the biological cycle and the technical cycle

Products of consumption- Can biodegrade/can be used up.

Products of service- Man made, can not biodegrade (recyclable)

The ability to make things last and not run out without conpromising future generations

1. Be less selfish, think about not just the immediate future but the future for generations to come.
2. Consume less.
3. Dispose of properly
4. Purchase biodegradable products.

1. Waste=food: Waste for one equals food for another: make it so your waste is still a valuable resource
2. Cradle to cradle: be responsible for the entire life-cycle of your product
3. Use solar income
4. Respect biodiversity

Chemical content multiplies by 10 PPM the higher you go up the trophic food chain

Types of chemicals that have carbon containing compounds that contain halogen. Once the chemical is in the mother, it can cause miscarriages, cancer, and learning diabilities in the unborn child.

DDT, chlorine, PCB, EDCs (endocrine disrupting chemicals), pesticides, herbicides

Because organohalogens are almost insoluable in water.

Bovine Growth Hormone-- Injected into cows effecting our dairy products, linked to cancer

Regulation of hormones and reproduction

glycogen

enzymes

the amount of heat/energy necessary to raise 1 g og water by 1 degree C

The building material out of which chromosomes are made

A location on a chromosome that codes for a protein or instruction