Biology - Final test

The viral reproductive cycle characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome

When a virus has integrated its DNA into the host's genome, it's called a:

Have a thin peptidoglycan layer and stain pink

Have a lipopolysaccharide layer

Have a thick peptidoglycan layer and stain purple

Protein coats that contain DNA or RNA

Enzyme that converts the viral RNA to DNA, which is then integrated into the cell’s chromosome

A primary connection between the nervous system and endocrine system

A cross between two individuals results in a ratio of 9:3:3:1 for four possible phenotypes. This is an example of a:

Analogous structures in organisms are the result of…

A potential problem with the chromosomal theory of inheritance is that there are many more ____ that assort independently than there are ________

an abnormal chromosome number

Accidental changes in genes

an incurable disorder in which some Ashkenazi Jews' brains deteriorate

According to ________, giraffes evolved long necks because ancestral giraffes tended to stretch their necks and this neck extension was passed on to subsequent generations

According to _______, the variation is not created by experience, but already exists when selection acts on it

__________ states that species experience long periods of little or no evolutionary change (termed ____), interrupted by bursts of evolutionary change

because the proportions of genotypes do not change from generation to generation, the genotypes are said to be in:

a change in a nucleotide sequence in DNA

______ are generally too low to significantly alter Hardy-Weinberg proportions

a breeder selects for the desired characteristics

a form of selection that occurs when selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes

______ cell mutations don't affect gametes

Capsules are thick and __________ in shape

A ____________ bacterial cell well is 80 to 90% peptidodoglycan

A ____________ bacterial cell well is 80 to 90% peptidodoglycan

Occurs when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis

Features that have a similar function but different structural origin are called…

Features that have a different form or function but similar structural origin are called…

Homologous structures in organisms are the result of…

The virus reproductive cycle where the virus enters the cell, uses the cell structures to make more viruses, then bursts open the cell to release the new viruses

when crossing individuals who are true-breeding for two different characters, the F1 individual that results is a:

Name the law:
the two alleles of a trait separate from each other during the formation of gametes, so that half of the gametes will carry one copy and half will carry the other copy

Name the law:
genes located on different chromosomes are inherited independently of one another

The chromosomal theory of inheritance was first proposed in 1902 by:

Experimental study of this creature by Thomas Hunt Morgan provided confirmation of the chromosomal theory of inheritance

The vehicles of Mendelian inheritance

The mutant male fruit fly with white eyes demonstrated a __________ trait

traits assort independently because _________ assort independently

the tendency of close- together genes to segregate together

the further two genes are from each other on the same chromosome, the ___ likely crossing over is to occur between them

Down syndrome is caused by having:

Name chromosomal disorder: Usually taller than average but other symptoms vary

nondisjunction of the X chromosome creates three possible viable conditions (name the chromosome arrangements)

Name chromosomal disorder:
sterile male with many female characteristics and
diminished mental capacity

Name chromosomal disorder:
sterile female with webbed neck and diminished stature

Nondisjunction of the Y chromosome leads to ___ males

mutations occur only rarely and almost always result in _____ alleles

one can identify which relatives exhibit a trait by looking at family trees or:

Pedigree key:
Circles represent _______

Pedigree key:
Squares represent _______

Pedigree key:
White means ______

Pedigree key:
Black means _____

Pedigree key:
Half black half white means _____

People with sickle-cell anemia carry a mutated gene that produces a defective version of _______

Why is sickle-cell anemia more common than Tay-Sachs?

genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele, causes progressive deterioration of brain cells

fetal cells from the chorion in the placenta are
removed for analysis

when amniotic fluid
is sampled and isolated fetal cells are then grown in culture and analyzed

Genetic counselors look at 3 things from the cell cultures obtained from either amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling:

most recent form of genetic counseling

procedure where parents conceiving by in vitro fertilization (aka. “test-tube babies”) can screen zygotes for potential genetic anomalies

large scale patterns, trends, rates of change among groups of species

cumulative genetic changes that give rise to new species

changes that occur within a species that make that species different from its immediate ancestor

results from microevolutionary changes that increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction of particular genetic traits in a population

predecessor to Darwin who proposed that evolution occurred by the inheritance of acquired characteristics

states that evolutionary change occurs extremely slowly

the most direct evidence of macroevolution

the preserved remains, tracks, or traces of once-living organisms

structures that have no function

changes in an individual gene, compared over a broad array of organisms, dated from the time of divergence

study of the properties of genes in populations

the sum of all of the genes in a population, including all alleles in all individuals

in a large population in which there is random mating, and in the absence of forces that change allele frequencies, the original genotype proportions __________ from generation to generation

Different traits exist in a population in varying _______

If the proportions of a genotype remain constant from generation to generation, they are in:

the proportion of individuals with a certain characteristic compared to an entire population

knowing the frequency of the phenotype, one can calculate the frequency of _____ and ____ in the population

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium only works if the following 5 assumptions are met:

1. The size of the population is _____
2. Individuals can mate with one another __________
3. There is no ________
4. There is no ________ or ______
5. All alleles are ________ ______ from generation to generation

the frequency of heterozygote carriers for recessive genetic disorders can be estimated using:

mutations must affect the DNA of _________ or the mutation will not be passed on to offspring

no matter how rare, ______ is the ultimate source of variation in a population

the movement of individuals between populations

the magnitude of the effects of migration is based on 2 factors:

random changes in allele frequencies

in small populations, the frequencies of particular alleles may be changed drastically by ________

occurs when one of a few individuals migrate and become the founders of a new, isolated population at some distance from their place of origin

when a population is drastically reduced in size

when individuals with certain genotypes mate with one another either more or less commonly than would be expected by chance

choosing a mate based on, often, physical characteristics

nonrandom mating alters _______ frequencies but not ______ frequencies

occurs if some individuals leave behind more progeny than others

conditions in nature determine which kinds of individuals in a population are the most fit

form of selection in which both extremes from an array of phenotypes are eliminated

form of selection in which the two extremes in an array of phenotypes become more common in the population

when the payoff in survival of heterozygotes makes up for the price in death of homozygotes

Selection on color in guppies is an example of:

The protective external covering of a prokaryotic cell is called _________ and consists of what three layers?

Glycocalyx subdivides into:

General term for structures found outside of the cell wall (extracellular)

Polysaccharide layer of prokaryotic cell – sticky, complex sugars

Functions include communication b/w cells, interaction w/ other ECMs, anchoring of cells, protection from pathogens, involved in the (human) immune response, and formation of biofilms

Steps in prokaryotic cell division

Conduits of bacterial genetic transfer, and what they transmit

Contributes to bacterial cell virulence by protecting it from phagocytosis and drying

Protects bacterial cell from drying, promotes adherence

Protective outer layer of bacterium composed of peptidoglycan (a glycoprotein)

The bacterial cell wall is composed of (specifically):

Provides a bacterium strength against osmotic pressure and determines the results of Gram's stain

Site of action of antimicrobial drugs such as penicillins

The plasma membranes of Gram-______ bacteria are encased within a porous cell wall of peptidoglycan

In Gram-______ bacteria, the peptidoglycan layer is thin and covered by an outer layer of __________

Tay Sachs is caused by a defective allele on what chromosome?

Huntington's is caused by a defective allele on what chromosome?

Sickle cell anemia is caused by an allele on what chromosome?

Changes in allele frequency lead to ____evolution

When the same parts have different functions on different species, it's morphological _________

When different parts have similar functions on different species, it's morphological _________

The polysaccharide (sticky sugar) layer is what part of the cell envelope?

A bacterium with both a capsule and a slime layer is:

Stains purple

Stains pink

Spherical bacterial shape

Rodlike bacterial shape

Bacterial arrangement in pairs

Bacterial arrangement in chains

Bacterial arrangement in bunches

Use the energy of sunlight to build organic molecules from CO2

Obtain their energy by oxidizing inorganic substances

Use sunlight for energy but obtain carbon from organic
molecules produced by other organisms

Obtain both carbon atoms and energy from organic molecules

HIV recognizes ___ surface marker on macrophages and,
later, T cells

What marks onset of AIDS?

Pili are composed of:

Sex pili are also called:

Bacterium with one flagellum

Bacterium with multiple flagella located at the same spot on the bacterium's surface

Bacterium with flagella located on opposite sides of the bacterium's surface

Bacteria with flagella projecting in all directions

Thick walled resistant body around genetic material

Allows bacteria to resist environmental stress (extreme temps, drying, radiation, chemicals)

Bacteria with endospores are in a _______ state

Can be free-floating or integrated into bacterial chromosome

Extra-chromosomal genetic element that may confer protective traits to bacteria

Changes in allele frequency leading to microevolution can be due to:

when some individuals leave behind more progeny than others

If a macromolecule has an R group it is a ______

sucrose is a combination of

Monosaccharide or disaccharide:
Galactose

Monosaccharide or disaccharide:
Lactose

Monosaccharide or disaccharide:
Glucose

Monosaccharide or disaccharide:
Maltose

Monosaccharide or disaccharide:
Fructose

Monosaccharide or disaccharide:
Sucrose

What is maltose composed of and where would you find it?

some animals form ____ for exoskeletons

plants form cell walls from ______

monomer of RNA

parts of nucleic acid

process that froms bonds between monomers

parts of amino acid

a fat with one double carbon bond is:

What is the same in both DNA & RNA?

a) sugar
b) phosphate
c) base
d) function

Olive oil is what type of fat?

What do the monomers of all macromolecules have in common?

Hormones are generally made of _______

Antibodies are made of ______

Enzymes are made of ______

______ bond joins amino acids together

Which organelles are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Which organelle produces rRNA?

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Which organelle packages and puts the finishing touches on proteins?

Reads RNA to make proteins

Forms carbohydrates/lipids

Neutralizes/inactivates toxins in cell

Engulfs old organelles, breaking them down

Bind cells to other cells to form tissues

Net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient

Engulfs specific substances into cells

Move water across cell membranes using facilitated diffusion

What are the relevant numbers for the sodium-potassium pump?

Transport against concentration gradient

glucose and amino acids are brought in the cell through:

Rate of diffusion is ________ by high temperatures

Rate of diffusion is ________ by large molecular size

Rate of diffusion is ________ by large concentration gradient

Rate of diffusion is ________ by large surface area

Channels that connect cytoplasms of adjoining cells, allowing coordinated contraction as in heart muscle

Type of diffusion that requires a membrane protein

Adds flexibility to plasma membrane

Used for steroids, bile

Hold strands of DNA together

Driving force of passive membrane transport

Net gain of ATP during glycolysis

The starting material of glycolysis

The starting material of pyruvate oxidation

The starting material of the Kreb's Cycle

End product of Kreb's Cycle

End product of glycolysis

End product of pyruvate oxidation

Where does Kreb's cycle occur?

Under what conditions does fermentation occur?

In what phase of mitosis do spindle fibres first start to form?

When do sister chromatids begin to split apart?

In meiosis __, sister chromatids separate

In meiosis __, homologous pairs separate

The last checkpoint of the cell cycle

"On button" for cell division

If the "Off button" is broken, causing unchecked cell division, it is due to an:

Crossing over occurs during:

Method of determining genotype of phenotypically dominant organism