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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cells arise through the division of preexisting cells. There are two types of cell division, ______ and _______
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Meiosis
Mitosis |
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Both forms of cell division are usually accompanied by ________, in which the cytoplasm of the cell divides into two distinct daughter cells
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Cytokinesis
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Meiosis leads to the production of _______
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Gametes (egg and sperm)
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Daughter cells have half the amount of genetic material as the parent cell. They have one set of chromosomes (n) and are defined as _______
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Haploid
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Mitosis leads to the production of all other cell types, referred to as ________ cells
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Somatic
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Somatic cells have two sets of chromosomes (2n) and are defined as _____
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Diploid
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_________ contain a single long double helix of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) wrapped around proteins
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Chromosomes
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A _______ is a section of DNA that encodes a specific protein or RNA
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Gene
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The purpose of mitosis is to distribute chromosomes to daughter cells during cell division. Therefore each chromosome is replicated prior to mitosis. Each DNA copy in a replicated chromosome is called a ________
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Chromatid
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Chromatids are joined together at a region called the _________
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Centromere
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Chromatids from the same chromosome are called _________ chromosomes
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Sister
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As mitosis starts, _________ (uncondensed DNA) condenses to form chromosomes. It changes from long, thin filaments into compact structures that can be moved around the cell efficiently
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Chromatin
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Growing cells cycle between a dividing phase called the ________ and a non-dividing phase called ________
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Mitotic phase (M)
Interphase |
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The ______ is the sequence of events from the formation of a eukaryotic cell through the duplication if its chromosomes to the time it undergoes cell division (cytokinesis)
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Cell cycle
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When does chromosome replication take place
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Chromosome replication occurs during Interphase and not during the M phase
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The stage in which DNA replication occurs is called the _______
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Synthesis (S) phase
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The are a total of four phases in the cell cycle: M phase and an Interphase consisting of __,___, and ___
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G1, S, and G2 phases
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________ phases allow the cell to grow large enough and synthesize enough organelles to ensure the daughter cells will be normal in size and function
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Gap
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Interphase also include two gap phases, during which no DNA synthesis occurs.
The first gap,_____ occurs before the S phase The second gap _____ occurs between S phase and mitosis |
G1 Phase
G2 Phase |
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What happens in G1 phase?
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The cell grows, carries out basic functions and produces the molecules needed to build new organelles and other components need if it divides
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What happens during S phase
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Enzymes replicate (duplicate) the cells genetic material and repair damaged DNA. By the end of S phase, each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids. In animal cells, the centrosomes are also duplicated
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What happens during G2 phase
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The cell continues to grow, but mainly prepares to divide by producing the proteins that will coordinate movement of chromosomes during mitosis. Also the DNA becomes more condensed
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Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of DNA associated with _______ proteins
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Histone
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In eukaryotes this DNA-protein material is called
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Chromatin
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After replication during S phase each chromosome consists of two genetically identical sister ____ attached to the ______
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Chromatids
Centromere |
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During _________, the two sister chromatids separate to form independent chromosomes, and one copy of each chromosome goes to each of the two daughter cells. As a result each daughter cell receives a copy of the genetic information that is contained in each chromosome
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Mitosis
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Mitosis (M phase) is a continuous process with five subphases based on specific events
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-Prophase
-Prometaphase -Metaphase -Anaphase -Telophase |
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What happens during prophase
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During prophase, chromosomes condense and first become visible in the light microscope
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The __________, made of microtubules called spindle fibers, forms a microtubule organizing center
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Mitotic spindle
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_________ microtubulese push the poles of each cell away from each other during mitosis
________ microtubules pull chromosomes to the poles of the cell during mitosis |
Polar
Kinetochore |
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In animal cells, the microtubule organizing center is a ______ - a structure that conatins a pair of _____
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Centrosome
Centrioles |
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What happens during prometaphase
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The nuclear envelope breaks down
The nucleolus disappears Kinetochore microtubules from each mitotic spindle attach to one of the sister chromatids of each chromosome |
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Kinetochore microtubules from each mitotic spindle attach to one if the sister chromatids of each chromosome.
Attachment occurs in the centromere region ar the ________ |
Kinetochore
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What happens during metaphase
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During metaphase, the formation of the mitotic spindle is completed
Motor proteins on the kinetochore microtubules pull each chromosome in opposite directions, causing the chromosomes to line up in the middle of the cell |
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The imaginary plane formed by this is called the ________
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Metaphase plate
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What happens during anaphase
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During anaphase, centromeres split ans sister chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers towards opposite poles of the cell
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As soon as they are no longer attached at the centomere, sister chromatids become
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daughter chromosomes
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What happens during telophase
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A new nuclear envelope begins to form around each set of chromosomes
The mitotic spindle disintegrates The chromosomes begin to decondense (When two independent nuclei have formed, mitosis is complete |
