- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
Front
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
PLAY BUTTON
PLAY BUTTON
203 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Biology
|
the study of life
|
|
Characteristics of life
|
cells;reproduce;dna;metabolism;respond,homeostasis;evolve
|
|
cells
|
smallest units that can be considered alive
|
|
difference between sexual and asexual reproduction
|
sexual=2 parents; asexual=single parent
|
|
Matter
|
has mass and takes up space
|
|
Atoms
|
basic units of matter
|
|
element
|
matter made up of only one type of atom
|
|
molecule
|
two or more atoms bonded together
|
|
atomic #
|
# of protons
|
|
Atomic mass
|
(# of protons)+(# of neutrons)
|
|
isotopes
|
atoms with the same # of protons but a different # of neutrons
|
|
ions
|
atoms with fewer or extra electrons
|
|
chemical reaction
|
is the process by which substances bond together; either release or consume energy
|
|
chemical bond
|
the reaction of two or more elements together
|
|
reason atoms react
|
is to full their outer valence shells
|
|
ionic bonding
|
electrons are transferred from one atom to another; this forms ions
|
|
covalent bond
|
occurs when 2 or more elements share electrons
|
|
chemical equations
|
is the shorthand that scientists use to describe a chemical reaction(reactants->products)
|
|
exothermic
|
a reaction that releases energy in the form of heat
|
|
endothermic
|
reaction that absorbs heat
|
|
anabolic
|
chemical reactions bond smaller molecules to form larger ones requiring energy(endothermic)
|
|
catabolic
|
chemical reactions break larger molecules into smaller ones releasing energy(exothermic)
|
|
macromolecules
|
large molecules made from smaller molecules
|
|
polymer
|
made up of many smaller repeating molecules
|
|
monomer
|
a single, repeating unit which is bonded together to make polymers
|
|
dehydration synthesis
|
a process through which polymers are formed from monomers through the removal of H2O
|
|
hydrolysis
|
the process of breaking down polymers into monomers by the addition of H2O
|
|
pH scale
|
indicates the # of H+ ions in solution. Ranges from 0 to 14
|
|
pH below 7
|
acidic
|
|
pH above
|
basic
|
|
acid
|
is any compound that forms hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
bases
|
a compound that produces hydroxide ions in solution
|
|
organic chemistry
|
the study of compounds that contain carbon atoms
|
|
4 groups of organic compounds found in living things are:
|
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
|
|
monosaccharides
|
single sugar molecules
|
|
polysaccharide
|
large molecules made from monosaccharides
|
|
lipids
|
are not soluble in water; nonpolar&hydrophobic
|
|
Nuclic acids
|
store and transmit hereditary or genetic information
|
|
DNA
|
made from monmers known as nucleotides
|
|
Parts of a nucleotide
|
a phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base
|
|
amino acids
|
proteins are polymers of molecules called____
|
|
catalyst
|
speeds up the rate of chemical reactions
|
|
enzymes
|
are proteins that act as catalysts; speeds up chemical reactions; catalyze only 1 chemical reaction
|
|
substrates
|
reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
|
|
active site
|
where the substrates bind to a site on the enzyme
|
|
enzyme-substrate complex
|
the enzyme and substrate are bound together and form this
|
|
competitive inhibitor
|
interferes with active site of enzyme so substrate cannot bind
|
|
noncompetitive inhibitor
|
changes shape of enzyme so it can't bind to substrate
|
|
polar
|
a molecule with both a + and - charge
|
|
hydrogen bond
|
in a cup of water the hydrogen atoms will attract to and bond with the oxygen atoms of other water molecules
|
|
specific heat
|
the amount of energy required to raise 1g of water to 1degreeC
|
|
cohesion
|
the bonding of water to itself; creates surface tension
|
|
adhesion
|
the bonding of H2O and other charged or polar substances
|
|
density
|
is how heavy something is compared to its size
|
|
solvent
|
a liquid that dissolves a solid
|
|
solute
|
substance that dissolves a liquid
|
|
solution
|
a solute dissolved in a a solvent
|
|
Robert Hooke
|
first scientist to use a microscope to look at a thing slice of cork
|
|
cell membrane
|
a thin flexible barrier that surrounds all cells
|
|
lipid bilayer
|
the composition of cell membranes is a double layered sheet
|
|
cellulose
|
what cell walls of plants are made of
|
|
to get the concentration of a solution
|
dividing the mass of the solute by the volume of solution
|
|
diffusion
|
particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
|
|
equilibrium
|
when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a system
|
|
selectively permeable
|
means that some substances can pass across while others cannot
|
|
osmosis
|
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
|
|
isotonic
|
when two solutions have the same concentration of solute
|
|
hypertonic
|
a solution that has a higher concentration solute
|
|
hypotonic
|
a solution that has a lower concentration solute
|
|
facilitated diffusion
|
does not require energy; the function of protein channels is to make it easy for molecules to cross the membrane
|
|
active transport
|
when cells move materials against a concentration difference;requires energy
|
|
endocytosis
|
the process of taking large amounts of material into the cell by means of infoldings of the cell membrane
|
|
exocytosis
|
foreces contents out a cell when a vacuole fuses with the cell membrane
|
|
vacuole
|
stores materials; like a warehouse
|
|
cytoskeleton
|
a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape
|
|
chromosomes
|
carries the hereditary information; like a filing cabinet
|
|
lysosome
|
organelle that contains digestive enzymes/waste; trashcan
|
|
chloroplasts
|
organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
|
|
golgi bodies/apparatus
|
to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the E.R. for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell
|
|
mitochondrion
|
convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient
|
|
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
the site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell
|
|
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
has ribosomes
|
|
ribosomes
|
where proteins are assembled
|
|
nucleus
|
contains nearly all the celss DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules
|
|
centrioles
|
help to organize cell division; is not present in plant cells
|
|
energy
|
the ability to do work
|
|
adenosine triphosphate(ATP)
|
the chemical that cells use to store and release energy
|
|
adenosine diphosphate(ADP)
|
a compound has two phophate groups instead of 3
|
|
cells store energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP molecules producing
|
ATP
|
|
Photosynthesis Equation
|
6CO(2)+6H(2)O+sunlight->C(6)H(12)O(6)+6O(2)
|
|
cellular respiration
|
the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose; takes place in the presence of oxygen
|
|
Cellular respiration equation
|
6O(2)+C(6)H(12)O(6)->6CO(2)+6H(2)O+Energy
|
|
fermentation
|
releases energy from food in the absence of oxygen
|
|
alcoholic fermentation
|
glucose(without oxygen) is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide
|
|
lactic acid fermentation
|
glucose, without oxygen, is converted into lactic acid
|
|
interphase
|
is divided into the G1, S, and G2
|
|
G1 Phase
|
cells increase in size and make new proteins and organelles
|
|
S phase
|
chromosomes (DNA) are replicated
|
|
G2 Phase
|
organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced
|
|
chromatin
|
what DNA is usually found as while the cell is doing its normal job
|
|
cellular respiration
|
the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose; takes place in the presence of oxygen
|
|
Cellular respiration equation
|
6O(2)+C(6)H(12)O(6)->6CO(2)+6H(2)O+Energy
|
|
fermentation
|
releases energy from food in the absence of oxygen
|
|
alcoholic fermentation
|
glucose(without oxygen) is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide
|
|
lactic acid fermentation
|
glucose, without oxygen, is converted into lactic acid
|
|
interphase
|
is divided into the G1, S, and G2
|
|
G1 Phase
|
cells increase in size and make new proteins and organelles
|
|
S phase
|
chromosomes (DNA) are replicated
|
|
G2 Phase
|
organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced
|
|
chromatin
|
what DNA is usually found as while the cell is doing its normal job
|
|
chromatin
|
is the granular material visible within the nucleus that consists of DNA tightly coiled around protein
|
|
46
|
number of chromosomes human cells have
|
|
mitosis
|
PMAT
|
|
prophase
|
the chromosomes become visible, the centrioles separate to opposite sides of the cell, chromosomes attach to the spindle, the nucleus dissapears
|
|
metaphase
|
the chromosomes line up across the center cell
|
|
anaphase
|
the centromeres split and the chromosomes move until they have seperated into two groups near the poles of the spindles
|
|
telephase
|
the chromosomes disperse, the nuclear envelope, reforms, the spindle breaks apart, and the nucleolus becomes visible
|
|
cytokinesis
|
division of the cytoplasm
|
|
meiosis
|
the replication or distribution of the genes;
|
|
gamete cells have
|
23 chromosomes
|
|
homologous
|
two sets of chromosomes
|
|
diploid
|
a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
|
|
haploid
|
gametes contain only a single set of chromosomes
|
|
genetics
|
the study of heredity
|
|
trait
|
a characteristic that varies from one individual to another
|
|
genes
|
the chemical factors that determine traits
|
|
alleles
|
different forms of a gene
|
|
phenotype
|
the physical characteristics
|
|
genotype
|
organisms genetic makeup
|
|
principle of independent assortment
|
states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes
|
|
incomplete dominance
|
cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another
|
|
codominance
|
the situation in which both alleles contribute to the phenotype
|
|
polygenic trait
|
traits controlled by 2 or more genes
|
|
Oswald Avery
|
discovered that DNA stores and transmits genetic information
|
|
Dna is made up of
|
nucleotides
|
|
types of nitrogenous bases
|
adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine.
|
|
Chargaff's Rule(base pairing)
|
A=T
C=G |
|
mRNA
|
carries copies of instructions from DNA to the rest of the cell
|
|
transcription
|
copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA
|
|
translation
|
the decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
|
|
polypeptide
|
20 diff amino acids can be combined in different orders to form one
|
|
tRNA
|
transfers amino acids to the ribosomes
|
|
genetic code
|
the 'language' of mRNA instructions
|
|
codon
|
each 3-letter word in mRNA;consists of 3 consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid
|
|
Human Genome Project
|
is an ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA sequence
|
|
sex chromosomes
|
determine the gender of the child
|
|
Females sex chromosomes
|
xx
|
|
male sex chromosomes
|
xy
|
|
autosomes
|
the remaining 44 chromosomes
|
|
nondisjunction
|
occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate
|
|
trisomy
|
occurs when someone is born with 3 copies of a chromosome
|
|
selective breeding
|
the process of allowing only those organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
|
|
transgenic
|
they contain genes from other species
|
|
genetic engineering
|
making changes in the DNA code of a living organism
|
|
restriction enzymes
|
proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences of nucleotides
|
|
gel electrophoresis
|
DNA fragments can be separated by size
|
|
polymerase chain reaction(PCB)
|
once the fragments are separated by size, many copies of a particular gene can be created through this
|
|
plasmid
|
a small circular DNA molecule
|
|
cloning
|
process through which a single cell from an adult is used to grow an entirely new individual that is genetically identical to the organisms from which it was taken
|
|
gene therapy
|
the process of changing a gene that causes a genetic disorder, an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal working gene
|
|
evolution
|
defined as change over time
|
|
fitness
|
the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce
|
|
adaptation
|
any inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival
|
|
descent with modification
|
a principle that each living species has descended with changes from other species over time.
|
|
common descent
|
that all living organisms are related
|
|
homologous structures
|
structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
|
|
vestigial organs
|
organs that serve no useful function in an organism
|
|
taxonomy
|
scientists classify organisms and assign each organism a universally accepted name
|
|
binomial nomenclature
|
two-word naming system for organisms
|
|
taxon
|
each level in classification
|
|
species
|
smallest taxon
|
|
kingdom
|
the largest taxon
|
|
Phylogeny
|
the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
|
|
capsid
|
a virus's protein coat
|
|
lysogenic infect
|
a virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and replicates along with the host cell's DNA
|
|
lytic infection
|
once the viral genes get inside they command the host cell to make copies of the virus
|
|
bacteriophages
|
viruses that infect bacteria
|
|
pathogen
|
a disease causing agent
|
|
retrovirus
|
viruses tha contain RNA as their genetic information
|
|
vaccine
|
is a dead or weakened version of a virus that is injected into a person to stimulate the immune system
|
|
prokaryote
|
a unicellular organism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles(eubacteria&archaebacteria)
|
|
peptidoglycan
|
what the cell walls of eubacteria contain
|
|
flagella
|
whip-like structures to help move them
|
|
binary fission
|
when a baterium divides in half through mitosis
|
|
conjugation
|
bacteria sex
|
|
spores form
|
when growth conditions become unfavorable
|
|
endospore
|
a spore that is formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm
|
|
nitrogen fixation
|
the process of converting nitrogen gas into a form plants can use
|
|
antibiotics
|
compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria
|
|
sterilization
|
destroys bacteria by subjecting them to great heat
|
|
disinfectants
|
are chemicals that kill pathogenic bacteria, include most cleaning materials
|
|
protist
|
any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus, or a prokaryote
|
|
accessory pigments
|
absorb light at different wavelengths than chlorophyll
|
|
phytoplankton
|
small, photo-synthetic organism found near the surgace of the ocean
|
|
fungi
|
are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls made of chitin
|
|
hyphae
|
multicellular fungi are made of thin filaments called this
|
|
mycelium
|
the bodies of fungi are composed of many hyphae tangled together into a thick moss called this
|
|
fruiting body
|
a reproductive structure growing from the mycelium
|
|
saprobes
|
organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter
|
|
lichens
|
symbiotic associations between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism
|
|
mycorrhizae
|
associations of plant roots and fungi
|
|
only 10% of energy is transferred from level to level
|
and the remainder is lost as heat
|
|
only 10% of energy is transferred from level to level
|
and the remainder is lost as heat
|
