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48 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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What is the amount of potential energy in an electron based on?
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It is based on its position relative to positive and negative charges - Electrons closer to negative charges (in its own nuclei and the nuclei of nearby atoms) have higher potential energy
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What is ATP
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ATP (adenpsone triphosphate) is the cellular currency for energy. It provides the fuel for most cellular activities
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How does ATP work
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ATP works by phosphorylating (transferring a phosphate group) target molecules
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Hydrolysis of the bond between the two outermost phosphate groups results in the formation of
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ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate) in a highly exergonic reaction
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What does ATP consist of?
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ATP consists of three phosphate groups, ribose and adenine
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Energy is released when ATP is
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Hydrolyzed
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In a related ________ reaction, energy can be temporarily stores by adding phosphate to ADP, forming ATP and water
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endergonic
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When a protein is phosphorylated, the exergonic phosphorylation reaction is paired with an endergonic reaction in a process called
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energetic coupling
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What are reduction-oxidation reactions (redox reaction)
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Redox reactions are chemical reactions that involve electron transfer. Redox drives ATP formation
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OIL RIG
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When an atom or molecule loses an electron, it is oxidized (OIL)
When an atom or molecule gains an electron, it is reduced (RIG) |
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Nicotinamide adenine dinicleotide (NAD) is reduced to form
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NADH
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NADH readily donates electrons to other molecules and is thus called an __________ and has "reducing power"
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electron carrier
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In cells, glucose is oxidized through a long series of carefully controlled redox reactions. The resulting change in free energy is used to synthesize ATP from _____ and ______. together these reactions comprise _____
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ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate)
Cellular respiration |
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Glucose is used to make ATP through either _______ or _______
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Cellular respiration
Fermentation |
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________ is any suite of reactions that produces ATP in an electron transport chain
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Cellular respiration
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What are the four steps of cellular respiration
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Glycolysis - 1 glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate (2 NADH, 2 ATP)
Pyruvate processing - 2 pyruvate are oxidized to form 2 acetyl CoA and 2 CO2 (2 NADH) Citric acid/Krebs cycle- 2 acetyl CoA are oxidized to form 4CO2 (6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP) Electron transport chain - compounds that were reduced in steps 1-3 are oxidized in reactions leading to ATP production (25 ATP) |
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_________ is a series of 10 chemical reactions, is the first step in glucose oxidation
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Glucolysis
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All the enzymes needed for glycolysis are found in the _____
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Cytosol
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In glycolysis, ________ is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules of _______, and the potential energy released is used to phosphorylate ADP to form ATP. Another electron carrier NADH is also formed
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Glucose
Pyruvate |
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Glycolysis consists of two phases
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Energy investment phase
Energy payoff phase |
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_____________ occurs when ATP is produced by the enzyme-catalyzed transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate substrate to ADP
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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation - This is how ATP is produced in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
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In an electron transport chain a proton gradient provides energy for ATP production; the membrane protein ______ uses this energy to phosphorylate ADP to form ATP. This process is called ______`
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ATP synthase
Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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_______ occurs when an enzyme in a pathway is inhibited by the product of that pathway
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Feedback Inhibition
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During glycolysis, high levels of ATP inhibit the enzyme ________, which catalyzes one of the early reaction
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Phosphofructokinase
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Phosphofructokinase has two binding sites for ATP
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The activity site, where ATP phosphorylates
A regulatory site - high ATP concentrations cause ATP to bind to the regulatory site, changing the enzyme's shape and dramatically decreasing the reaction rate at the active site |
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Pyruvate produced during glycolysis is transported from the _______ into the ______
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Cytosol
Mitochondria |
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Mitochondria have both inner and outer membranes. Layers of sac-like structures called ______ fill the interior of the mitochondria, and are connected to the inner membrane by short tubes
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Cristae
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The __________ is inside the inner membrane but outside the cristae
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Mitochondrial matirx
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__________ processing is the second step in glucose oxidation
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Pyruvate
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Pyruvate processing is the second step in glucose oxidation. It is catalyzed by the enzyme _________ in the mitochondrial matrix
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase
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In the presence of O2, pyruvate undergoes a series of reactions that results in the product molecule _________
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Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
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What happens during the third step of glucose oxidation
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During the third step of glucose oxidation, the acetyl CoA produced by pyruvate processing enter the Citric acid cycle, located in the mitochondrial matrix
-Each acetyl CoA is oxidized to two molecule of CO2 |
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In the third step some of the potenial energy released is used to
-reduce NAD+ to ________ -reduce flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to _________ -phosphorylate GDP to form _________ or ________ |
NADH
FADH GTP (or ATP) |
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As electrons carried by NADH andFADH2 are passed from molecule to molecule and participate in a series of redox reactions with the molecule, the electrons high potential energy is decreased. The proteins involved in these reaction make up what is called an ___________
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Electron transport chain (ETC)
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In ATP creation _____ is the final acceptor.
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O2. The transfer or electrons along with protons to oxygen form water
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What is the Chemiosmosis Hypothesis?
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The Chemiosmosis Hypothesis states that there is an indirect connection between redox reactions and ATP production
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The ETC pumps protons from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the intermembrane sapce. This creates an electrochemical gradient, which favors movement of protons along the gradient back into the matrix. Then, an enzyme in the inner membrane (ATP synthase) uses this _________ to make ATP
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Proton-motive force
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____________ is the term used to describe production of ATP via a proton gradient
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Chemiosmosis
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All eukaryotes and many prokaryotes use oxygen as the final electron acceptor of electron transport chains in the process of _________ respiration
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Aerobic
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Some prokaryotes, especially those in oxygen-poor environments, use other acceptors in the process of ______ respiration
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Anaerobic
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Oxygen is the most effective electron acceptor because it is highly _________.
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Electronegative.
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In most organisms, cellular respiration cannot occur without oxygen. ________, a metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ from stockpiles of NADH, allows glycolysis to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen
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Fermentation
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In __________ pyruvate produced by glycolysis accepts electrons from NADH. Lactate and NAD+ are produced
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Lactic acid fermentation
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In ________ pyruvate is enzymatically converted to acetaldehyde and CO2. Acetaldehyde accepts electrons from NADH. ________ and NAD+ are produced
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Alcohol fermentation
Ethanol |
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Fermentation produces just __ ATP molecules per glucose molecule, compared with about 29 ATP molecules per glucose molecule in cellular respiration
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2
Fermentation is extremely inefficient compared to cellular respiration |
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Metabolism includes thousands of different chemical reactions
________ pathways involve the breakdown of molecules and the production of ATP _______ pathways result in the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller components |
Catabolic
Anabolic |
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Proteins, carbohydrates and fats can furnish substrates for respiration
-Enzymes routinely break down ____ to form glycerol, which enters the glycolytic pathway. -Enzymes remove amino groups from ________; the remaining compounds are intermediates in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle |
Fats
Proteins |
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For ATP production cells first use _____, then _____, then ______
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Carbohydrates
Fats Proteins |
