Biology Quiz 4 Part 3

Manipulation of DNA sequences in organisms is known as _____ ______ and techniques used to engineer genes are called _____ ______ _____

______ _______ results from the lack of production of growth hormone, encoded by the GH1 gene

Early trials showed that people with pituitary dwarfism could be treated successfully with ____ _____ _____, but only if the protein came from humans

Today, human treatment with growth hormone from cadavers has been banned due to possible contamination with _____ - protein particles that have been implicated as the cause of various neurodegenerative disorders

_______ involves isolating the gene, making many copies of the gene and then inserting it into a bacterium that can transcribe the gene to make the hormone

The enzyme _____ _______ ca synthesize DNA from an RNA template

Researchers used reverse transcriptase to make _______ ____ from mRNA isolated from pituitary cells

They then used ____ ______ - the process of producing many identical copies of a gene - to copy the cDNAs for analysis to determine which coded for the growth hormone protein

_____ are small, circular DNA molecules often found in bacteria. They replicate independently of the chromosome.

Plasmids can serve as a _____ - a vehicle for transferring recombinant genes to a new host

________ _______ are bacterial enzymes that cut DNA at specific base sequences called recognition sites

The first step in cloning genes into plasmids is to cut the plasmid and the cDNA with the same restriction endonuclease.
Restriction endonucleases often make staggered cuts in the DNA, resulting in ____ _____, complementary single stranded ends

____ _______ seals the recombinant pieces of the DNA together

Plasmid vectors can be introduced into bacteria by ________, the process of taking up DNA from the environment and incorporating it into the genome

A ___ _______ is a collection of transformed bacterial cells, each containing a vector with an inserted gene

A ____ _______ is a collection of bacterial cells, each containing a vector with one cDNA

A _______ ________ is made up of cloned DNA fragments representing an entire genome

Another method of cloning DNA is the ______ ______ ______

Polymerase Chain Reaction Steps

1- A reaction mix containg dNTPs, a ____ template, copies of the two primers, and Taq polymerase

Polymerase Chain Reaction Steps
2- _________ - heating the mixture to 95 degrees C separates the two strands of DNA

Polymerase Chain Reaction Steps

3- ______ ________ - cooling the mixture allows the primers to bond, or anneal, to complementary sections of single-stranded target DNA

Polymerase Chain Reaction Steps

4- _______ - heating the mixture to 72 degrees C causes the Taq polymerase to synthesize the complementary DNA strand from the dNTPs, starting at the primer

Fredrick Sanger developed _______ _____ as a method for determining DNA sequences

Dideozy sequencing is carried out by adding both ____________ _________ and deozyrebonucleotide triphosphate (dNTPs) to the synthesis reaction

ddNTPs are identical to dNTPs except that they lack the __ ________ ______

Because of this lack, DNA __________ stops once a ddNTP is added to a growing strand

______ _______ is the introduction of a gene into affected cells to replace or augment defective copies of the gene with normal alleles. Often viruses are used

The current vector of choice in gene therapy are ________

These are viruses with an RNA genome, including the enzyme _____ _______

The complete DNA sequence of an organism is its ______

________ is the scientific effort to sequence, interpret, and compare whole genomes

Genomics provides a list of genes present in an organism. ______ ______ looks at when those genes are expressed and how their products interact