Biopsych- Language Systems

open language system (evolves w/new needs & concepts) so not just genetically pre-wired

Speech- motor output for verbal expression only

Language - logical structure of thought & expression

Phonology - sounds used for expression

Semantics - meaning of what is said

Form- style in which words are expressed

Content- literal words used

Logical Structure = semantics; what is said

Prosody - emotional and melodic qualities; how it is said

1. Inner ear transduction thru 8th CN
2. Medial geniculate of thalamus
3. Heschel's Gyrus
4. 2ndary Cortex
5. Wernicke's Area
6. Arcuate fasciculus
7. Lateral prefrontal cortex
8. Broca's area

Linear, structure to structure, literally org'd
defines:
- Broca's aphasia (expressive/speech)
- Wernicke's aphasia (receptive; understanding)
-Conduction aphasia (arcuate; verbal repetition of heard speech)

Problems - doesn't consider subcortical components of lang

acoustic nerve (CN 8)

Left Hemisphere

Initial processing, attention, direction, focus

Primary Auditory Cortex
Detection
Frequency Analysis

word recognition
separation of words

-posterior language area
-word meaning recognition/perception & interpretation
(in abstract tertiary cortex)

Lateral - visual attention

Medial - auditory attention

Secondary Motor Cortex

In charge of word selection & production

**also contributes to comprehending some of the semantic (if, when, over) components of speech

Secondary Cortex; tells you where one word stops and another begins

Beginning in the secondary cortex and then in the tertiary cortex

connects one cortex to another (wernicke's area to broca's area in the frontal lobes)

how you should respond to information (the conceptualization of your response)

vision or hearing, so they've lost touch.

Wernicke's because you can't think whereas Broca's is just speech

May be misinterpreted as Schizophrenia or Brief Psychotic Disorder and medicated

NO; ape like awareness of the world

a lot of anger, depression, & frustration b/c they know they can't talk and they hear themselves not talking but can't do anything about it. Also can't type or write.

- most end up w/sleep problems & pain
-weakness in the right side

produces word finding difficulties & repeating statements
more common in elderly women

Females
-cog functions aren't as lateralized
-smaller posterior lang areas
- dvlp lang abilities earlier
- aphasias more common w/anterior left quadrant (Broca's type)
-Wernicke's aphasia more common

Men
-greater risk of developing lang probs w/injury or stroke
-lisps, stuttering, VLDs more common

Parallel in that many areas need to work together simultaneously.

Thalamus -Posterior, dorsolateral, pulvinar (motor integration & final output control)

Limbic System
Basal Ganglial structures
Cerebellar structures

dys= alteration

a= total loss

Broca's; "non-fluent aphasia"

Wernicke's; "fluent aphasia"; can't understand others or self

combination of expressive, receptive, and/or conduction aphasias

-usually acute & reversible (e.g. swelling) but person will have impairments

contribute to memory, attitudinal

CN 5, 7,8, 9, 11, 12
Trigeminal (sensory on face)
Acoustic
facials
auditory/vestibocchlear
glossopharyngeal
spinal accessory
hypoglossal

-emotional component in speech (loudness, bluntness, pacing, melodic, sarcasm)
-not explicit but still conveys info
-follows same pathways as lang in R hemisphere

Prosody errors
Types:
Expressive (improper inflection)
Receptive (can't read intonation)
Scanning Speech (choppy speech)
Pseudo-accent speech (emph on wrong syllable or slurring)

the ability to form sounds into words

posterior cortex

secondary visual cortex

More common w/women;
restricted access to needed words

External Context

Hemispheres:
Left - what? who? the details
Right - deals w/the bigger picture

awareness & insight