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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Luria's 2nd Functional Unit?
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Acquisition & retention of Info, which includes
Sensation, Perception, & Memory -emotionality is inevitably linked to memory |
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Luria's 2 way street:
__________ form the most rudimentary cognitive structures. Cognitive structures in turn, shape the way we _______ new information. |
perceptions
Perceive |
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This can not be broken down into a single unit (like an engram). It is a collection of integrated processes that work together and with new info/experience.
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Memory
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The initial capture of info (w/sensation and perception)
a. engram b. acquisition c. encoding d. consolidation e. maintenance f. retrieval |
Information Acquisition
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People with amnesia become very neutral to the world. What does this show?
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That memory is fundamental to perception. Without memory (as in amnesia), perception is impaired.
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This is the process of setting up changes in the CNS, tagging info, & categorizing it to fit existing cognitive structures
a. engram b. acquisition c. encoding d. consolidation e. maintenance f. retrieval |
c. encoding
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The process of biological storage of info; probably involves synaptic reformation
a. engram b. acquisition c. encoding d. consolidation e. maintenance f. retrieval |
d. consolidation
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The cognitive retention of info; this process preserves concepts not details
a. engram b. acquisition c. encoding d. consolidation e. maintenance f. retrieval |
e. maintenance
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This process restores info from the past to consciousness; content is either validated or invalidated by feedback
a. engram b. acquisition c. encoding d. consolidation e. maintenance f. retrieval |
f. retrieval
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What occurs during information processing?
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organization & comparison of info to existing info
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What are the basic stages of memory?
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1.Orienting Response
2.Habituation 3.Very Short Term Memory (VSTM) 4.Short Term Memory (STM) 5.Long-Term Memory (LTM) 6.Working Memory |
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Memory Stages:
Stage 1 - What is it & what happens? Purpose? |
Orienting Response.
Sympathetic arousal to new info directs attention inc's info processing -Amygdala probably important |
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Memory Stages
Stage 2 - What is it & what happens? Purpose |
Habituation
occurs w/rptd exposure & sensory reaction wanes 1st indication of learning; most primitive form of memory -basal ganglia, hippocampus, & other limbic structures likely involved |
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Memory Stages
Stage 3 - What is it & what happens? Purpose |
Very Short Term Memory (VSTM)
not very functional, huge capacity; trace elements of recent neural activity Immediate/Sensory Memory |
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What are two types of Very Short Term Memory (VTSM)?
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Iconic - visual info
Echoic - auditory info |
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Memory Stages
Stage 4 - What is it & what happens? Purpose |
Short Term Memory (STM)
Conceptual transition stage btwn sensory & long term memory. Rehearsal here facilitates storage; limited capacity |
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What is Rote Rehearsal?
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in Short term memory
Repetition w/o elaboration |
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What is Elaborative Rehearsal?
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part of short term memory
when you impose previous experience on new info to make it meaningful |
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Memory Stages
Stage 6 - What is it & what happens? Purpose |
Working Memory
Unlike STM it reflects actual processing of new info This is when Luria's 2-Way Street happens; also mnemonics, etc |
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Memory Stages
Stage 5 - What is it & what happens? Purpose |
Long Term Memory (LTM)
"permanent" info storage; reflects synaptic & org changes w/in brain; info changes according to meaningful elements |
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What is the capacity of Short Term Memory?
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7 +/- 2 bits of info
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Long Term Memory - describe it
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Limitless capacity, appears to be the function of bio change as well as the ongoing dynamic of evolving cognitive structure
Types: episodic, categorical, semantic, procedural |
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What is episodic memory?
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for an interval in time that is personal to you; type of long term memory
(most are visual images) |
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What is categorical memory?
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type of long term memory; based on what info is similar to; how it's organized (think of them in terms of categories: pets, friends, best friends, bosses)
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What is procedural memory?
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Type of long term memory; based on activities/operations. Becomes implicit & more resistant to loss than declarative memory
not highly impacted by amnesia |
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What is semantic memory?
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type of long term memory; (two vs too vs to, which vs witch)
highly impacted by amnesia |
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Memory Consolidation
-what mechanisms are probably involved? -When does most of this occur? |
bio process by which new info is integrated into the brain; probably involves kindling, dendritic spining, narrowing of cleft, inc'd NT release)
Mostly during REM sleep |
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When new or dissonant info is introduced this triggers the ______ which then initiates the ________ ______ to start the memory process.
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Amygdala
initiates the Orienting Response |
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After the amygdala initiates the Orienting Response, it interacts with the _______ & _____ _____ lobe to compare w/ old information
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Amygdala ---> hippocampus & medial temporal lobe
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Neural Structures of Memory
Hippocampus and Medial Temporal Lobes have been activated. What happens if they find a match for the information? |
Septal Nucleus triggers the "all clear" sign
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Neural Structures of Memory
Hippocampus and Medial Temporal Lobes have been activated. What happens if they DON'T find a match for the info? |
Prefrontal Cortex which helps "make sense" of new info
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What are the neural mechanisms involved in memory?
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Limbic system & Prefrontal cortex
especially the hippocampus, amygdala, septal nucleus, medial temporal cortex |
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What is the Amygdala's role in Memory?
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-IDs novelty, potential threat, &/or emotional impact of new info
-helps determine which memories are saved |
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What is the Hippocampus' role in memory?
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-decides which cortex memories should be assigned to
-reconstructs info on demand for recall |
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What are the three structures that interact to make sense of info & to make it as meaningful as possible?
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Hippocampus
medial temporal cortex prefrontal cortex |
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Which part of the brain determines your emotional reaction to an event (e.g. Monday morning)?
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Limbic system, olfaction, and prefrontal cortex
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What part of the brain CHOSES your emotional RESPONSE?
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prefrontals
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T/F Memories are topographically based
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True...to an extent; based on whether it is visual, tactile, auditory, etc.
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What structure in the brain underlies our experience of emotion?
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Cingulate gyrus
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Your emotional reaction: is it reflexive or contemplative?
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reflexive. Our experience of emotion & our response to it are chosen
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What determines your "Sensible interpretation" of an emotion?
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current cognitive state; as a result each time you recall a piece of info, your recall of the info changes
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What factors play into our emotional responses/predilection?
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-history
-vulnerability/sensitivity to threat -novelty |
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What is the Septal Nucleus's role in memory?
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Works w/Cingulate Gyrus, contribute to the sensation of dissonance w/unfamiliar, & satisfaction w/familiar info
Septal Nucleus & fimbria are activated --> info is familar Not activated --> stimulus is novel |
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Which of the below is does NOT operate through adrenalin reaction (S-NS activation)
a. Threat Reactions b. Novelty Reaction c. Habituation d. Orienting Response |
c. The OR, Novelty Reaction, and Threat Reaction all seem to operate through adrenalin
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Does the emotional tone of info impact how it is stored?
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Yes. more emotion = more durable
NOT more accurate |
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How is forgetting different from amnesia?
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Forgetting - natural; due to interference (proactive vs. retroactive), poor initial learning, natural trace decay
Amnesia - pathological |
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Forgetting - what is proactive interference?
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when existing info interferes w/learning new info
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Forgetting - what is retroactive interference?
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when new info interferes w/recall of existing info
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Amnesia- what is prograde/anterograde?
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pertains to events after a traumatic event
-can last from a few secs to permanent (in that case it is a complete disability & person can't learn new info) -reflects a disruption in learning process -applies to any type of info except procedural |
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Amnesia- what is retrograde amnesia?
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-duration depends upon speed & salience of info processing pre-event
-reflects disruption in processing & consolidation process for ongoing memory processing & storage -more severe event, longer & denser amnesia -mostly episodic, fact based, categorical info |
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When memory is lost for info from before an event, what type of amnesia is that?
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retrograde
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When memory is lost for info from after the event, what type of amnesia is that?
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anterograde or prograde
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