Biospsych Chapter 11

the process by which the body's substances and characteristics, such as temperature and glucose level are maintained at their optimal level

eating or drinking

a variable that is controlled by a regulatory mechanism; for example, temperature in a heating system

the optimal value of the system variable in a regulatory mechanism

in a regulatory process, a mechanism that signals when the system variable deviates from its set point

in a regulatory process, the mechanism that is capable of changing the value of the system variable

a process whereby the effect produced by an action serves to diminsih or terminate that action; a characteristic of regulatory systems

a brain mechanism that causes cessation of hunger or thirst, produced by adequate an available supplies of nutrients or water

all body fluids outside cells, intersitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.

the fluid that bathes the cells, filling the space between the cells, the interstices

equal in osmotic pressure to the contents of a cell. A cell placed in an isotonic solution neither gains nor loses water

the characteristic of a solution that contains enough solute that it will draw water out of a cell placed in it, through the process of osmosis

the characteristic of a solution that contains so little solute that a cell placed in it will absorb water, through the process of osmosis

reduction in the volume of the intravascular fluid

thirst produced by an increase in the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid relative to the intercellular fluid, thus producing cellular dehydration

a neuron that detects changes in the solute concentration of the interstitital fluid that surrounds it

thirst produced by hypovolemia

a hormone secreted by the kidneys that causes the conversion of angiotensinogen in the blood into angiotensin

a peptide hormone that constricts blood vessels, causes the retention of sodium and water, and produces thirst and a salt appetite

a small organ located in the confluence of the lateral ventriles, attached to the underside of the fornix; contains neurons that detect the presence of angiotensin in the blood and excite neural circuits that initiate drinking

a small nucleus stiuated around the front of the anterior commissure; plays a role in thrist stimulated by angiotensin

a polysacchride often referred to as animal strach; stored in lever and muscle; constitutes the short-term store of nutrients

a pancreatic hormone that facilitates entry of glucose and amino acids into the cell, conversion of glucose not glycogen, and transport fats into adipose tissue

a pancreatic hormone that promotes the conversion of liver glycogen into glucose

the form of fat storage in adipose cells; consists of a molecule of glycerol joined with three fatty acids.

a substance (also called glycerine) derived from the breakdown of triglycerides, along with fatty acids; can be converted by the liver into glucose

a substance derived from the breakdown of triglycerides, along with glycerol; can be metablized by most cells of the body except for the brain.

the phase of metablism during which nutrients are not available from the digestive system; glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are derived from glycogen, protein, and adipose tissue during this phase

the phase of metabolism during which nutrients are absorbed from the digestive system; glucose and amino acids constitute the principal source of energy for cells durigng this phase, and excess nutrients are stored in adipose tissue in the form of triglycerides

a peptide hormone released by the stomach that increases eating, also produced by neurons in the brain

the first portion of the small intestine, attached directly to the stomach

a dramatic fall in the level of glucose available to cells; can be caused by a fall in the blood level of glucose or by drugs that inhibit glucose metablism

a dramatic fall in the level of fatty acids available to cells; usually caused by drugs that inhibit fatty acid metabolism

the vein that transports blood from the digestive system to the liver

a hormone secreted by the duodenum that regulates gastric motility and causes the gallbladder to contract; appears to provide a satiety signal transmitted to the brain through the vagus nerve

a peptide released by the gastrointestinal system after a meal in amounts proportional to the size of the meal

a strain of mice whose obesity and low metabolic rate are caused by a mutation the prevents the production of leptin

a hormone secreted by adipose tissue; decreases food intake and increases metabolic rae, primarily by inhibiting NPY-secreting neurons in the arcuate nucleus.

a surgical procedure that serves the brain stem, disconecting the hindbrain form the forebrain

one of two peptide neurotransmitters found in a system of latera hypothalamic neurons that stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate

one of two peptide neurotransmitters found in a ystem of lateral hypothalmic neurons that stimulate appedite and reduce metabolic rate. also called hypocretin

a peptide neurotransmiter dound in a system of neurons of the arcuate nucleus that stimulate feeding, insulin and glucorticoid secretion, decrease the breakdown of triglycerides, and decrease body temperature

a nucleus in the base of the hypothalamus that controls secretions of the anterior pituitary gland; contains NPY-secreting neurons involved in feeding and control of metabolism

a nucleus of the hypothalamus located adjacent tot he dorsal third ventricle; contains neurons involved in control of the autonomic nervous system and the posterior pituitary gland

a neuropeptide that acts as an antagonist at MC-4 receptors and increases eating

cocain-and amphetamine-related transcript; a peptide neurotransmitter found in a system of neurons of the arcuate nucleus that inhibit feeding

a neuropeptide that acts as an agonist at MC-4 receptors and inhibits eating

a receptor found in the brain that binds with a-MSH and agouti-related protein; plays a role in conrol of appetite.

a mitochrondrial protein that facilitates the conversion of nutrients into heat