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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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electromyogram (EMG)
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an electrcial potential recorded from an electrode placed on or in a muscle
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electro-oculogram (EOG)
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an electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of elecrodes placed on the skin around them; detects eye movements
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alpha activity
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smooth electrical ativity of 8-12 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state or relaxation
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beta activity
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irregular electrical activity of 13_30 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of arousal
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theta activity
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EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep
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delta activity
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Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep
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slow-wave sleep
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Non-REM sleep, characeterized by sychronized EEG activity during its deeper stages
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REM sleep
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a period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep, at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements and muscular paralysis occur; also called paradoxical sleep
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sleep apnea
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cessation of breathing while sleeping
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narcolepsy
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a sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis and hypnogogic hallucinations
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sleep attack
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a symptom of narcolepsy; an irresistible urge to sleep during the day, after which the person awakens feeling refreshed
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cataplexy
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a symptom of narcolepsy; complete paralysis that occurs during waking
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sleep paralysis
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a symptom of narcolepsy; paralysis occuring just before a person falls asleep
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hypnogogic hallucination
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a symptom of narcolepsy; vivid dreams that occur just before a peroson falls alseep; accompanied by sleep paralysis
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orexin
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a peptide, also known as hypocretin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus; their destruction causes narcolepsy
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REM sleep behavior disorder
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a neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams
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sleep-related eating disorder
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a disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without a memory for the episode the next day
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fatal familial insomnia
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a fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive insomnia
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rebound phenomenon
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the increased frequency or intensity of a phenomenon after it has been temporarily suppressed; for example, the increase in REM sleep seen after a period of REM sleep deprivation
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adenosine
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a neuromodulator that is released by neurons engaging in high levels of metabolic activity, may play a primary role in the initiation of sleep
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locus coeruleus
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a dark-colored group of neradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor at the fourth ventricle; involved in arousal and vigilance
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raphe nuclei
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a group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons and midbrain, situated along the midline; contain serotonergic neurons
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tubermammilary nucleus (TMN)
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a nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus, just rostral to the mammillary bodies; contains histaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation and behavioral arousal
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ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)
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a group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep
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sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD)
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a region of the dorsal pons, just ventral to the locus coeruleus, that forms the REM-ON portion of the REM sleep flip-flop
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ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG)
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a region of the dorsal midbrain that forms the REM-OFF portion of the REM sleep flip-flop
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circadian rythm
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a daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process
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zeitgeber
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a stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms
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suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
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a nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm. It contains a biological clock that is responsible for organizing many of the body's circadian rhythms
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melanopsin
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a photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the olivary pretectal nuclei
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advanced sleep phase syndrome
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a 4-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently cuased b a mutation of a gene involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN
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delayed sleep phase syndome
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a 4-hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, possibly caused by a mutation of a gene involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN
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pineal gland
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a gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms
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melatonin
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a hormone secreted during the night by the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms
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