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246 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the function of the Inner horizontal portion of the temporomandibular ligament?
|
Limits posterior movment of the condyle and disc.
|
|
What does the Outer oblique portion of the temporomandibular ligament do?
|
Resists dropping of the mandible, limits rotation b4 translation
|
|
Which muscle is the primary elevator of the mandible?
|
Masseter
|
|
Superior Lateral Pterygoid's function?
|
Maintain the disc in the most anterior rotary position possible.
|
|
Inferior Lateral Pterygoid fct?
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Pulls condyle forward in the fossa.
|
|
What structures of the tooth are derived from the Dental Sac?
|
PDL, Cementum, and alveolar bone proper
|
|
What is derived from the Dental Papilla?
|
dentin and dental pulp
|
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What are the four layers of the Oral Epithelium that enamel is derived from?
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Outer enamel, Inner enamel ,Stratum intermedium, stellate reticulum
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Which Amino Acids are Fatty Hydrophobic?
|
Valine, Leucine, and isoleucine are the big 3
|
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Which Amino Acid can form a disulfide bond?
|
Cysteine
|
|
Two negatively charged, highly hydrophillic amino acids are?
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Glutamate, Aspartate
|
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Positively charged Amino Acids are?
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Lysine, Arginine, Histidine
|
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Which amino acids are present in histones?
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Lysine and Arginine
|
|
WHich amino acids are post-translationally modified?
|
hydroxyLysine and HydroxyProline (Glutamate for blood)
|
|
While most amino acids have a trans configuration, this one does not?
|
Proline-which causes kinks in structure
|
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What four things decrease hemoglobin's affinity for O2. Or effectively increases delivery of Oxygen to tissues?
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Increase in pCO2, increase in 2,3-BPG, decrease in PH, increase in temperature
|
|
What causes sickle Cell Anemia?
|
A HbS deficiency where Glutamate--->Valine. The Valine won't bind O2 like it should.
|
|
What does Thalassemia affect?
|
It affects globin synthesis by there be a lack of beta chain genes. HbA is formed regularly.
|
|
What type of collagen does the Basement membrane have in it?
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Type IV mostly and some Type VII
|
|
What does Type 1 collagen compose
|
Bone and Skin
|
|
Type 2 collage is where?
|
Cartilage
|
|
Triple Helix Stabilization in collagen chains is secured by what amino acid?
|
hydroxylation of Proline.
|
|
Prolyl and Lysyl hydroxylase requires what 3 cofactors?
|
Alpha-ketogluatarate, molecular O2, Ascorbate (vitamin C)
|
|
Lysyl Oxidase requres what 2 cofactors?
|
Molecular 02 and Copper.
|
|
What collagen disease is caused by a lack of lysyl hydroxylase and pro-collagen deficiency?
|
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome- stretchy skin, and loose joints.
|
|
A collagen disease that causes bones to bend and break easily, or misshapen teeth.
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Osteogenesis or Odontogenesis imperfecta (bukly side chain instead of glycine)
|
|
Fe 2+ is a cofactor for?
|
Cytochrome oxidase, catalase, Peroxidase, Hemeglobin
|
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Cu 2+ is a cofactor for?
|
Cytochrome oxidase
|
|
Mg 2+ is a cofactor for?
|
Hexokinase, g6-phosphotase, pyruvate kinase
|
|
Zinc is a cofactor for?
|
Carbonic Anhydrase, alcohol dehydrogenase
|
|
The coenzyme for Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and Pyruvate Carboxylase is what?
|
Biotin- carries CO2 groups.
|
|
Lipoate is the conenzyme for what?
|
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase and Alpha-ketoglutarate Dehydr.
|
|
- delta G is exergonic and?
|
negative free energy change
|
|
Low Km is what kind of affinity?
|
High
|
|
High Km = what kind of affinity
|
Low
|
|
PFK-1 is + regulated by:
|
AMP, Fructose, 2-6 bisphosphate
|
|
PFK-1 is - regulated by:
|
ATP and Citrate
|
|
Kinase
|
adds phospates
|
|
Phosphatase...
|
removes Phosphatases
|
|
Glycogen phosphorylase is _____when phosphorylated
|
ACTIVE
|
|
Glycogen synthase is ______ when phosphorylated
|
INACTIVE
|
|
what do Competetive inhibitors do to Km and Vmax?
|
Km increases and Vmax stays.
|
|
What do Non-competetive inhibitors do to Km and Vmax?
|
They decrease Vmax and do nothing to Km.
|
|
Sucrose has what type of bond?
|
1-->2 glucose-fructose bond. Sucrose is not a reducing sugar
|
|
Lactose has what type of bond?
|
Beta 1-4 and is a reducing sugar b/c Carbon 1 is still free.
|
|
Chondroitin sulfate is found where?
|
cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and aorta
|
|
Hyaluronic Acid is found where?
|
synovial fluid, vitreous humor, loose conn. tissue
|
|
Keratin sulfate is found where?
|
cornea and connective tissue
|
|
Dermatan Sulfate is found where?
|
skin, blood vessels, and heart valves
|
|
Heparin is found where?
|
only intracellular GAG, found in mast cells in arteries of lover, lungs, and skin
|
|
Heparin sulfate is found where?
|
Basement Membranes
|
|
What type of process is glycolysis and where does it happen?
|
It is anaerobic and happens in the cytosol.
|
|
How is PFK 1 regulated
|
AMP, F2,6BP is (+), while ATP and citrate are (-). This is the rate limiting step as it converts Fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
|
|
What enzyme converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate?
|
Pyruvate Kinase, by taking away an ATP.
Essentially irreversible with a large - free energy change. |
|
Hexokinase is found where?
|
nearly all cells, with a low Km and Low Vmax. Saturates at Low glucose
|
|
Glucokinase is found where?
|
Only in the liver with a High Km and High Vmax. Both convert Glucose to G6p.
|
|
Glucose to Glucose 6 Phosp?
|
Hexokinase (ATP)
|
|
G6P to Fructose 6 Phosph?
|
Phosphohexose Isomerase
|
|
F6P to Fructose 1,6 bisphohpo?
|
PFK1 (ATP) RLStep
|
|
F16P to G3P
|
Aldolase (cleaver) 6 to 3 carbon
|
|
G3P to 1,3,bisphosophoglycerate
|
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
|
|
1,3bpg to 3-phosphoglycerate
|
phoshoglycerate kinase (ATP rendered)
|
|
3phoshoglycerate to 2phosph
|
Mutase
|
|
2phospho to Phosphoenol pyruvate
|
Enolase
|
|
PEP to Pyruvate
|
Pyruvate Kinase (ATP rendered here)
|
|
What are the 5 cofactors for Pyruvate and Alpha Ketogluarate Dehydrogenase?
|
Thiamine Pyrophosphate, Coenzyme A, NAD+, FAD, Lipoic Acid
|
|
Where does TCA happen?
|
Mitochondrial Matrix
|
|
What is the RLS?
|
Citrate Synthase
|
|
At What three sites are NADH produced?
|
isocitrate, alpha keto, and malate dehydrogenases.
|
|
FADH2 is formed at what TCA step?
|
Succinate dehydrogenase
|
|
GTP is synthesized when?
|
When Succinyl Coa Synthetase ison the job.
|
|
For each TCA what is produced?
|
2 CO2, 1 FADH2, 3 NADH, 1 GTP.
|
|
Complex II of ETC converts what?
|
FADH2 , which ultimately gives 2 atp
|
|
Complex I, III, IV deal with what?
|
NADH and give 3 ATP each.
|
|
How many H+ are pumped b/c of NADH?
|
3
|
|
How many H+ are pumped b/c of FADH?
|
2
|
|
What is the final electron acceptor?
|
Oxygen
|
|
Which complex is the only membrane associated complex (intra)?
|
Complex II.
|
|
Insulin causes dephosphorylation of what enzyme to put in its active form?
|
Glycogen synthase a (active)
|
|
Glucagon activates what ________ which activates Adenylate Cyclase, which activates what________.
|
G-protein, cAMP
|
|
What enzyme does cAMP activate
|
Protein Kinase A
|
|
Protein Kinase A phosphorylates ______ to make it _____?
|
glycogen phosphorylase a, active, which makes glycogen synthase b go unactive.
|
|
Activation of Glycogen phosphorylast a increases what 4 pathways?
|
glycogenoylysis, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, uptake of amino acids
|
|
Glucagon attaches to what protein to signal?
|
Heterotrimeric G protein
|
|
What form of the G protein is active?
|
alpha G protein
|
|
Insulin does what three major things?
|
Activates/deactivates enzymes, alters gene expression, and increases Glucose transport.
|
|
What surface receptor does Insulin attach to?
|
Glut 4 with in intrinsic TYROSINE KINASE enzyme.
|
|
WHich type of diabetes is associates with loss of insulin receptor function in the target tissues?
|
Type II
|
|
Glut 4 translocation by insulin occurs in what two tissues?
|
Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
|
|
What is the substrate for glycogen synthesis?
|
UDP-glucose, know it biatch.
|
|
What enzyme takes Glucose -1-phosphate to UDP-glucose?
|
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
|
|
Branching in glycogen occurs in what configuration?
|
alpha 1,6
|
|
What is the normal configuration of a chain of glycogen?
|
alpha 1,4
|
|
What is the enzyme that adds a sugar to glycogen and kicks udp off?
|
Glycogen Synthase...oh yeah
|
|
What are other two names for the Pentose Phophate Pathway?
|
Hexose-monophosphate shunt, and 6-phosphogluconate pathway
|
|
What are the two main products of the Pentose pathway?
|
ribose-5- phosphate (used for rna and dna) and NADPH
|
|
Free radical countering, and fatty acid/cholesterol synthesis are two functions of what?
|
NADPH
|
|
Glutathione eliminates free radicals, so what is needed to keep glut in reduced state?
|
NADPH
|
|
If NADPH is insufficient, due to a Glucose-6-phophate Dehydrogenase insuffiency, what can we expect to see clinically?
|
Hemolytic anemia, and free radical damage.
|
|
Glycogenyolysis occurs in what two places?
|
Liver and Skeletal muscle
|
|
Gluconeogenesis occurs in what two tissues?
|
Liver and Kidney
|
|
What enzyme takes glycogen to glucose?
|
Glycogen phsphorylase, by adding a Pi to Glucose.
|
|
A deficiency of what G 6 Phosphotase causes what disease?
|
Von Gierke disease
|
|
Skeletal Muscle Glycogen phosphorylase deficiency is called what?
|
McArdle Syndrome
|
|
Pompe disease is disease that is caused by what?
|
Lysosomal alpha 1-4 glucosidase def. (cardiomegaly)
|
|
What enzyme is the final enzyme that takes the phophate off of G6p to make glucose in glycogenolysis?
|
Glucose-6-Phosphatase
|
|
What three steps are sites of regulation of gluconeogenesis?
|
Hexokinase, PFK-1, pyruvate kinase
|
|
Lactate, glycerol, a-ketoacids, tca intemdiates, and glycolysis intmediates are all substrates for gluconeogenesis, what is not?
|
ACETYL CoA
|
|
Which irreversible glycolysis enzyme requires two to convert through gluconeo?
|
Pyruvae kinase
(needs 2) |
|
Pyruvae Carboxylase, needed to turn pyruvate(3c) into oxaloacetate (4c) needs what three cofactors?
|
biotin, ATP, CO2
|
|
Where does this reaction occur?
|
Mitoch. Matrix
|
|
Oxaloacetate can't travel through the membrane to the matrix, so it is converted to what?
|
Malate
|
|
PEP carboxykinase turns oxalo into what and where?
|
PEP +Co2 in the cytosol. Uses GTP
|
|
What two amino acids are ketogenic and cannot be used as substrates in gluconeogensis?
|
Lysine and Leucine of course
|
|
The rate limiting step in cholestorl synthesis is ?
|
HMG-CoA reductase....NADPH is required for synthesis.
|
|
What is the major fat energy store?
|
TAG's
|
|
Free FA's circulate how?
|
Bound to Albumin (this is higher when increased fasting)
But not in brain or RBC's. |
|
What two unsaturated fats are essential (diet needed)?
|
Linoleic and Linolenic acid
|
|
What is the precursor for Linoleic acid?
|
Arachodonic acid, making it conditional.
|
|
What other two fa's are unsaturated and important?
|
Palmitoleic acid and oleic acid.
|
|
Which lipoprotein is bad and why?
|
LDL b/c it carries cholesterol to the tissues. Receptor mediated-endocytosis as well as ApoB-100
|
|
Which lipoproteins carry hepatic tags to tissues, cholesterol from liver to poop, dietary tags to tissues?
|
VLDL, HDL, Chylomicrons, respectively.
|
|
What is the most abundant Glycerophospholipid and what does it contain?
|
Lechitin. It contains a glycerol, phosphoric acid, two fa's, and choline head group.
|
|
What disease is caused by a Hexosaminidase A deficiency, where gangliosides accumulate?
|
Tay-Sachs
|
|
What disease is caused by glucocerbroside buildup, showing hepatosplenomegaly and osteoporosis of long bones?
|
Gaucher's disease
|
|
What disease is caused by a build up of sphingomyelin?
|
Niemann-Pick disease.
|
|
What type of molecules pass through the membrane easily?
|
Small, non-polar like steroids
|
|
What type are either facilitated diffusion or active transport?
|
Large, polar substances.
|
|
Do Peptide hormones require cell surface receptors?
|
Yes
|
|
de Novo fat synthesis occurs where?
|
Cytosol
|
|
What is the rate Limiting step and what cofactors does the enzyme need?
|
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, biotin cofactor
|
|
How is acetyl-coa carried from the matrix to cytosol?
|
As citrate (citrate synthase)
|
|
WHat is it converted to once in the cytosol?
|
maolonyl-coA , added a Pi to it.
|
|
Acetyl CoA carboxylse is active when phosphor or desphosphor?
|
Dephosphorylated state.
|
|
What two tissues cannot use FA's as energy?
|
brain and rbc's
|
|
What is needed in Beta Oxidation of fats to span the membrane?
|
Carnitine-shuttle
|
|
Acetoacetate and Beta-hydroxybutyrate can be used as energy? t/f
|
True
|
|
Ketone bodies can be used by the brain? t/f
|
True
|
|
Aminotransferase is the enzyme that does what? and what cofactor does it need?
|
It transfers amino acids amino groups to Glutamate and requires Pyridoxial phosphate (B6)
|
|
What enzyme catalyzes the send step of amino acid catabolism?
|
Glutamate Dehydrogenase. Can use NAD or NADP. this where a NH4 is created. Alpha Ketoglutarate is also a product.
|
|
What is the alpha ketoacid of alanine?
|
Pyruvate, but alanine aminotransferase
|
|
what is the alpha ketoacid of aspartate?
|
oxaloacetate
|
|
What converts Trypsinogen to trypsin?
|
Enterokinase
|
|
Urea cycle occurs in both?
|
Cytosol and Mitochondria
|
|
What is the rate limiting step of urea production?
|
Carbamoyl Phosphate synthetase I
|
|
What two things are needed to carry carthe process across the matrix membrane?
|
Citruline and Ornithine
|
|
What Amino Acid is the link b/w TCA and Urea Cycle?
|
Aspartate
|
|
Phenylalanie can be degraded to Tyrosine. What enzyme does this, and if absent what disease is present?
|
Phenylalanine hydroxylase....Phenolketonuria.
|
|
What disease might you see if there is a deficiency of tyrosinase?
|
Albinism
|
|
Maple syrup disease is what?
|
Deficiency of branched alpha ketoacid dehydr. complex.
|
|
What is the aa precursor for serotonin, and melatonin?
|
Tryptophan
|
|
precursor for dopamine, ephi and norephi is what?
|
tyrosine fool
|
|
What is the cofactor needed in conjuction with aromatic amino acid decarboxylases?
|
PLP
|
|
What is a water soluble vitamin of importance to hydroxylysine and proline?
|
vitamin C, ascorbate
|
|
What are the Fat soluble vitamins
|
ADEK baby, ADEK
|
|
Which vitamin, transfers 1 carbon units and can cause mego anemia and neural tube defects?
|
Folic Acid
|
|
this vitamin degrades odd numbered fa's.
|
B12
|
|
Antioxidant, and cofactor for hydroxylations (lysine, proline) Scurvy
|
Vitamin C
|
|
Cofactor for A.A. catabolism (transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation)
|
B6 or plp
|
|
Cofactor for oxidative decarboxy rxns.
cofactor for pyruvate dehydr.complex and A ketoglut dehydr.complex. |
B1 (thiamine) TPP
|
|
What disease is caused by a b1 deficiency?
|
beri beri and wernicke-korsakoff
|
|
Cofactor for FMN and FAD (etc)?
|
Riboflavin (b2)
|
|
Cofactor for NAD, NADP (ETC)?
|
Niacin (b3)
|
|
What is disease is the 3d's?
|
Pellagra, Niacine deficiency of dermatiis, diarrhea, and dementia
|
|
What vitamin participates with carboxylase rxns.?
|
Biotin
|
|
What is a Vitamin D deficiency in kids?
|
rickets
|
|
What is a vitamin D deficiency in adults?
|
Osteomalacia
|
|
Vitamin K has an influence on what 4 steps of the coagulation cascade?
|
2, 7, 9, and 10
|
|
What are the steps in Vitamin D synthesis?
|
7-dehydrocholesterol (ergocalciferol) --->cholcalciferol (D3)---> 1,25 dihydrocholcalciferol (in liver)
|
|
DNA replication is activated by what?
|
DNA polymerase
|
|
DNA is transcribed to RNA by what enzyme?
|
RNA polymerase
|
|
Pol I, Pol II, Pol III relate to what Rna's?
|
rRNA, mRNA, tRNA respectively
|
|
A-U, G-C signifies what?
|
RNA
|
|
A-T, G-C signfies what?
|
DNA
|
|
In DNA A-T has how many hydrogen bonds, and C-G has how manY?
|
2 and 3 respectively.
|
|
What DNA enzyme is the primary enzyme in replication?
|
DNA Pol III
|
|
DNA pol I does what?
|
proofreads and deletes RNA primer.
|
|
WHat enzyme unwinds DNA?
|
Helicase
|
|
What enzyme limits supercoiling?
|
DNA gyrase/topoisomerase
|
|
which enzyme is an rna polymerase that makes short RNA templates?
|
Primase
|
|
Fixes Okazarki fragments?
|
Ligase
|
|
What three things do mRNA do?
|
adds 7-methylguanosine cap, adds poly-adenylate tail, removes introns.
|
|
Amino acyl-tRNA synthetase assures what?
|
Specificty and fidelity of the reaction
|
|
DNA can be generated from mRNA by what enzyme?
|
Reverse Transcriptase
|
|
PCR does what to gene expression?
|
Amplifies
|
|
DNA products can be analyzed using?
|
Southern blotting
|
|
Cofactor for A.A. catabolism (transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation)
|
B6 or plp
|
|
Cofactor for oxidative decarboxy rxns.
cofactor for pyruvate dehydr.complex and A ketoglut dehydr.complex. |
B1 (thiamine) TPP
|
|
What disease is caused by a b1 deficiency?
|
beri beri and wernicke-korsakoff
|
|
Cofactor for FMN and FAD (etc)?
|
Riboflavin (b2)
|
|
Cofactor for NAD, NADP (ETC)?
|
Niacin (b3)
|
|
What is disease is the 3d's?
|
Pellagra, Niacine deficiency of dermatiis, diarrhea, and dementia
|
|
What vitamin participates with carboxylase rxns.?
|
Biotin
|
|
What stimulates serous secretions?
|
Parasymphatetic (parotid)
|
|
What stimulates mucous seretions?
|
Symphathetic (sublingual)
|
|
Where does synthesis of alpha chain of collagen occur?
|
rER
|
|
Where does hydroxylation of lysine and proline occur?
|
rER
|
|
Where does glycosylation of alpha chains occur?
|
Golgi apparatus
|
|
What is the general aa sequence of collagen?
|
gly-x-y
|
|
What enzyme cleaves both elastin and collage at the N and C terminal peptides?
|
Endopeptidases
|
|
albumin, fibrinogen, globulins and complement proteins are all what?
|
Plasma Proteins
|
|
What molecule transports triglycerides?
|
lipoproteins
|
|
What are two major bile salts?
|
Glycocholic acid and Taurocholic acid
|
|
Preganglionic Parasymphatetic are what type of receptors?
|
cholinergic (excitatory) nicotinic receptors
|
|
Post Parasymphatetic are what receptors?
|
Cholinergic Muscarinic receptors
|
|
Pre Symphatetic are what receptors?
|
cholinergic nictotinic (Ach)
|
|
Post Symphatetic are what receptors?
|
Adrenergic (Norepi)
|
|
Sweat glands are the symphatetic excpetion why?
|
b/c they are cholinergic muscarinic
|
|
Which corpuscle fells vibration and pressure?
|
Pacinian
|
|
Which corpuscled allows 2 point discrimination?
|
Meissner's
|
|
Which corpuscle allows stretch?
|
Ruffini's
|
|
Rods detect what?
|
night vision
|
|
Cones detect what?
|
color Red, green blue
|
|
Retina is the visual acuity spot on the back of the eye that consists of what?
|
rods and cones
|
|
Myiosis is what?
|
contracton of the pupil caused by parasymphatetic
|
|
Mydrasis is what?
|
Dilation caused by symphathetic.
|
|
what part of the ear is associated with equilibrium?
|
semicircular canals
|
|
what ear part is balance?
|
Vestibule
|
|
What disease is a muscle related disease that is caused by Ach receptors being blocked on the sarcolemma?
|
Myasthenia gravis
|
|
Name the coverings of muscle from outer to inner?
|
Epimysium, Periomysium, Endomysium
|
|
What is one ATP source unique to muscle?
|
Creatine Phosphate.
|
|
What is the result of the Tendon reflex in muscle?
|
Relaxation of the muscle (golgi tendon)
|
|
Gap junctions are characteristic of what type of muscle?
|
Cardiac (striated) and Smooth
|
|
Influx of what is critical in contraction of Cardiac muscle?
|
Ca2+
|
|
Which muscle has no t-tubules and no striations?
|
Smooth Muscle
|
|
Calmodulin reacting with Ca2+ is indicative of what muscle?
|
Smooth muscle
|
|
The first sound of the heart beat is what valves closing?
|
Mitral and tricuspid valves.
|
|
The second sound of the heart beat is what closing?
|
The aortic and pulmonic valves.
|
|
What disease is a muscle related disease that is caused by Ach receptors being blocked on the sarcolemma?
|
Myasthenia gravis
|
|
Name the coverings of muscle from outer to inner?
|
Epimysium, Periomysium, Endomysium
|
|
What is one ATP source unique to muscle?
|
Creatine Phosphate.
|
|
What is the result of the Tendon reflex in muscle?
|
Relaxation of the muscle (golgi tendon)
|
|
Gap junctions are characteristic of what type of muscle?
|
Cardiac (striated) and Smooth
|
|
Influx of what is critical in contraction of Cardiac muscle?
|
Ca2+
|
|
Which muscle has no t-tubules and no striations?
|
Smooth Muscle
|
|
Calmodulin reacting with Ca2+ is indicative of what muscle?
|
Smooth muscle
|
|
The first sound of the heart beat is what valves closing?
|
Mitral and tricuspid valves.
|
|
The second sound of the heart beat is what closing?
|
The aortic and pulmonic valves.
|
|
What are the nerves in the cavernous sinous?
|
CN 3, 4, 5, 6
|
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Nerves of the internal thoracic wall lie in what relation to the the External and Internal intercostal muscles?
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Deep to the internals.
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What four things leave the cranium through the jugular foramen?
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IJV, CN 9, 10, 11
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The maxillary, deep facial, infrorbital and posterior superior alveolar vein form what plexus of veins?
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Pterygoid plexus of veins
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What doe sthe carotid sheath contain?
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IJV, vagus nerve, and common carotid artery
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What is the bodies major storage form of Iron?
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Ferritin
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How does prostacyclin interact with platelets?
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Its keeps them from clumping
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What does Thromboxane 2 do to platelets?
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Clumps.
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