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65 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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organic composition of bone
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type 1 collagen
ground substance (chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate) |
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inorganic composition of bone
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calcium, phosphate, bicarb, citrate, magnesium, potassium and sodium
mainly hydroxyapatite crystals |
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noncalcified connective tissue covering bone on external surface
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periosteum (except at synovial articulations and muscle attachments)
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attaches periosteum to bone surface
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sharpey fibers (type 1 collagen)
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function of periosteum
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distributes blood vessels to bone
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source of osteoprogenitor cells
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periosteum and endosteum
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lines marrow cavities and supplies osteoblasts
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endosteum
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osteoprogenitor cell origin
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mesenchyme, will differentiate to osteoblasts at high O2 or chondrocytes at low O2
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cells with receptor for PTH
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osteoblasts
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secretes osteoid
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osteoblasts
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entrapped osteoblasts
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osteocytes (mature osteoblasts)
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communication of osteocytes
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gap junctions between cytoplasmic processes
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source of osteoclasts
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monocytes
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formation and location of osteoclasts
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Howship lacunae
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site of active bone resorption
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ruffled border, extends to Howship lacunae
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region of osteoclast contact with bony surface
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clear zone (isolates osteolytic activity)
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zone of lysosomal transfer to howship lacuna
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vesicular zone
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opposite ruffled border, has most of the organelles
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basal zone
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secretions of osteoclasts
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acid hydrolase, colagenase and other proteolytic enzymes that degrade the organic portion of bone
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fate of organic degradation of osteoclast activity
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released to connective tissue capillaries
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location of primary bone in adults
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tooth sockets, sutures in skull, insertion of tendons
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features of primary bone
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low mineral content
remodeled and replaced by secondary bone (some exceptions) many osteocytes and irregular type 1 collagen bundles |
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features of secondary bone
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calcified matrix
compact bone regular layers osteocytes in lacuna between lamella |
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orientation of haversion system
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longitudinal on long bones
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contents of haversion canals
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blood vessels, nerves and LCT
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connection between haversion sysetms
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volkmann canals (neurovascular supply)
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composition of interstitial lamella
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remodeled haversian systems
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bone formation of flat bones
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intramembranous
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process of intramembranous formation
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mesenchyme-->osteoblast-->osteoid
-->trapping (osteocytes)--> trabeculae-->fusion produces spongy bone with vessels--> periosteum and endosteum form-->osteoprogenitor-->cycle repeats |
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bone formation of long bones
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endochondral bone formation
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process of endochondral bone formation
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chondrocytes are replaced by osteoclasts and osteoblasts to woven bone, then remodel to lamellar bone
diaphysis first, then epiphysis |
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zone located at epiphyseal side of plate and possesses small, randomly arranged inacive chondrocytes
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zone of reserve
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region of rapid mitoses, with rows of isogenous cell groups
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zone of proliferation
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zone of enlargement of chondrocytes
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zone of hypertrophy and maturation
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zone of death of hypertrophied chondrocytes and calcification of cartilage
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zone of calcification
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zone where new osteoblasts elaborate bone matrix on the calcified cartilage, forming a calcified cartilage/calcified bone complex
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zone of ossification
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process of calcification
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deposition of calcium phosphate on collagen fibrils
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process of fracture repair
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proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells
bone callus internally and externally primary bone is replaced with secondary bone |
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most abundant protein in the body
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collagen
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type 1 collagen
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bone, skin, tendon (dentin, fascia, cornea, late wound repair)
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type 2 collagen
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cartilage (hyaline included)
vitreous body, nucleus pulposis |
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type 3 collagen
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reticulin in skin, vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue
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type 4 collagen
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basement membrane, basal lamina
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fixes cells to ECM
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fibronectin
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what collagen is made by
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fibroblasts
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where collagen is synthesized (1) and what happens
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in RER alpha chains are translated to preprocollagen
glycine, proline, hydroxyproline/hydroxylysine |
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where collagen is hydroxylated (2)and what is required
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proline and lysine residues are hydroxylated in ER, requires vitamin C
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scurvy is due to inhibition of this
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hydroxylation
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where glycosylation (3) of collagen occurs
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in ER, glycosylation of pro alpha chain lysine residues and procollagen is formed
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triple helix of three collagen alpha chains is this
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tropocollagen (soluble procollagen)
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defect in glycosylation leads to this
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osteogenesis imperfecta (prevents triple helix of procollagen)
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fourth step of collagen synthesis
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exocytosis of procollagen to extracellular space
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what happens during proteolytic processing (5) of collagen
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cleavage of terminal regions of procollagen, making it insoluble
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what happens during cross linking of collagen (6)
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reinforcement of staggered tropocollagen molecules by covalent lysine-hydroxylysine cross-linkages (lysyl oxidase) to make collagen fibrils
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type of collagen affected in ehlers danlos
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type 3 (blood vessel instability)
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disorders caused by ehlers danlos
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hyperextensible skin
tendency to bleed hypermobile joints different inheritance patterns |
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function of proteoglycans in connective tissue
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makes gel that embeds structural proteins of ECM
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degradatioin of proteoglycans
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lysosomes
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inheritance of osteogenesis imperfecta 1
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usually AD
gene deletion, splice site mutation type 2 is fatal in utero or neonatal period (substitution) |
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features of osteogenesis imperfecta
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multiple fractures
blue sclera (can see underlying veins) due to translucency of connective tissue over choroid hearing loss due to middle ear bones dental imperfections due to lack of dentin resorption is greater than formation |
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stretchy protein within lungs, large arteries, elastic ligaments, vocal cords, ligamenta flava,
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elastin
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components of elastin
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proline and glycine (non-glycosylated)
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tropoelastin
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fibrillin scaffolding (marfan's lacks fibrillin)
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function of a1-antitripsin
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inhibits elastase (secreted by neutrophils in inflammation)
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deformability of elastin
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due to hydrophobic effect
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