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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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--- percent of calories come from 6 crop plants.
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80
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What is Quinine used for?
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tonic water, anti-matarial drugs
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What type of plant is sugarcane?
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grass
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What are tea leaves traded for in china?
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opium
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What did the treaty of Nanking do?
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gave the British Hong Kong
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Who was said to be responsible for the civil war?
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King Cotton
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What important event with potatoes changes the demographics of the US dramatically?
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potato blight
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what is coca used for?
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making cocaine
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what is 'change through time, descent with modification'?
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evolution
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what is natural selection?
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traits well adapted to an environment will be passed to offspring
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When considering natural selection: populations have the potential to increase a --- rate.
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geometric
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When considering natural selection: only a fraction of offspring actually ---.
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survive
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When considering natural selection: individual offspring are ---.
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different
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When considering natural selection: differences in offspring are controlled -- and passed ---.
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genetically, hereditarily
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When considering natural selection: genes that are more fit will be ----.
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passed on
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what are the three key concepts with population genetics?
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1. species gene pool
2. common gene pool shared 3. frequencies of alleles in pool explain differences |
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what is hardy-weinberg's law?
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p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
where p=AA, pq=Aa, q=aa |
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what five things must occur for hard-weinberg equilibrium to occur?
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1. no mutation
2. isolation 3. large population 4. random mating 5. no natural selection |
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what control gene flow?
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pollinators
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what is an example of genetic drift?
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the bottleneck effect
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what happens in stabilizing population selection?
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plants in the middle show up the most; 'goldie locks effect'
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what happens in disruptive population selection?
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extremes are adapted to environment; the middle is not
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what happens in directional population selection?
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one extreme is the most succesful
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what is an ecotype?
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the same same species adapted to different ecosystems
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what are clines?
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lines between ecotypes
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what is phenotypic plasticity?
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plants reacting to environment without genetic changes
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what is macroevolution?
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a change in the entire species
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what is micro evolution?
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change in a small population
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when considering macroevolution: what does a graduated graph look like?
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a 1x line
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when considering microevolution: what does a punctuated graph look like?
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steps
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what is allopatric speciation?
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populations in geographic isolation
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what is sympatric speciation?
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populations with overlapping distributions
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what is adaptive radiation?
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the diversification of organisms by filling different ecological niches
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since sympatric speciation occurs in areas of mixing, what is the separation based on?
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polyploidy
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what is taxonomy?
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nomenclature/classification
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what is phylogeny?
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evolutionary history
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what is a monograph?
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everything known about 1 taxon
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the complete name of a plant has named with three things. What are they? order matters.
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1. Genus
2. Species 3. Author |
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What does the acronym Kings Play Chess On Fridays Generally Speaking stand for?
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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When considering botanical code: what is the first principle?
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it differs from zoology
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When considering botanical code and what is the second principle, what is holotype?
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the single specimen designated to represent a species.
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When considering botanical code and what is the second principle, what is isotype?
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the same specimens by the same person, place, and time as the holotype.
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When considering botanical code and what is the second principle, what is neotype?
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specimen chosen to be the holotype when no other is available because originals were lost.
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When considering botanical code: what is the third principle?
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priority to publication
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When considering botanical code: what is the fourth principle?
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only one name is accepted
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When considering botanical code: what is the fifth principle?
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taxonomic names are treated as Latin
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what are cladistics?
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predicting relationships based on objective features, scientific method
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what are phenetics?
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predicting relationships based on looks
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what are species next to each other on a cladistic tree called? what does that represent?
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sisters; common ancestor
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what is an artificial group?
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common ancestors but not all descendants
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what is polyphyletic?
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more than one ancestor, artificial
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what is parsimony?
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given alternate options for a problem, the simplest way is the best solution
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animals undergo -- meiosis.
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gametic
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molds undergo -- meiosis.
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zygotic
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plants undergo -- meiosis.
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sporic with alternating generations
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what are the three shapes of bacteria?
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rod, sphere, spiral
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what are bacteria cell walls made of?
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peptidoglycoa
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what are bacteria covered in?
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slime
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what is something that can make some kinds of bacteria live for a very long time?
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exospores
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which bacteria contains chlorophyll a, known as blue-green algae?
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cyanobacteria
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the fungi group is a sister to ---.
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animals
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what does it mean if fungi are saprotrophic?
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derive nutrition from dead matter
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what is the name of the study of fungi?
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mycology
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what make up the fungal body?
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hyphae
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what is a group of hyphae called?
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mycelium
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what are fungal cell walls composed of?
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chitin
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what fungus produces zoospores?
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chytids
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which fungus is responsible for killing frogs?
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chytids
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which fungus is bread mold?
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zygomycota
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which fungus produces zygospores?
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zygomycota
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which fungus is responsible for dutch elm disease?
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ascomycota
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which fungus produces ascospores?
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ascomycota
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where are acospores produced?
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ascocarp (cup like shaped thing)
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what is plasmogamy?
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the fusion of hyphae (n+n)
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plasmogamy is synonymous for ---
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karyogomy
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which phylum makes up the mushrooms?
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basidiomycades
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what is the function of the gills of a basidiocarp?
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host spores or basidiospores
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how many basidiospores are produced in the end?
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4
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how many ascospores are produced in the end?
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8
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which fungal phylum uses clamp connectors between karyogamy and its first meiotic division?
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basidiomycades
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what have a mutual relationship with green algae?
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lichens
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what are mychorhizae?
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little fungi in the roots of plants
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when considering protist slime molds, what are myxyoomycota?
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mass of protoplasm, functioning like a giant amoeba; reproduced by sporangium
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when considering protist slime molds, what are dictysteliomycota?
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contain cellulose and reorganize to form fruit structures
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what are three general characteristics of algae?
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1. marine
2. single-celled 3. some cell walls |
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when considering protists: what is the phylum euglenophyta?
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-contains red 'eye' spot
-chloroplast -flagella |
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when considering protists: what is the phylum cryptophyta?
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-plates for structure
-chloroplasts -little else known |
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when considering protists: what is the phylum haptophyta?
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-armored plates
-flagella -creates foam when blooming |
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when considering protists: what is the phylum heterokonts: general?
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-1st flagellum tinsle
-2nd flagellum whiplash |
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when considering protists: what is the phylum heterokonts: oomycota?
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-water molds
-leaf infections such as Sudden Oak Death |
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when considering protists: what is the phylum heterokonts: bacillariophyta (diatoms)?
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-cell walls of silica (glass)
-'diatomaceous earth' |
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when considering protists: what is the phylum heterokonts: chrysophytes?
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-resting period
-plates -photosynthetic |
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when considering protists: what is the phylum heterokonts: pheophyta (brown algae)?
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-kelps
-rock weeds -sargassum -cold water -evolutionary adaptations similar to plants |
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when considering protist reproduction, what is isogamy?
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two identical gametes with tails
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when considering protist reproduction, what is anisogamy?
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one large, one small gamete, both with tails
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when considering protist reproduction, what is oogamy?
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one large gamete, immobile, one small with tail.
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when considering protists: what is the phylum rhodophyta (red algae)?
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-no flagella
-celluose -warm water -farmed for nori |
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when considering protists: what is the phylum chlorophyta (green algae)?
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-chlorophyll a and b
-starch -sister to plants |
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together, green algae and plants are known as ---.
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vridyphytes
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when considering the three groups of green algae, what are chlamydomonas?
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-unique cell division where microtubules run parallel (phycoplast)
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When considering types of green algae, what are coleochaete?
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flat sheets that are placenta-like
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when considering types of green algae, what are chara?
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stone warts, calcified cell walls that have flagellated sperm
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