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33 Cards in this Set

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What does elevated AFP indicate?
Neural tube defect
What does reduced AFP indicate?
Down's syndrome
The neural _____ gives rise to the CNS and the neural _____ gives rise to the PNS
Neural tube
Neural crest
Which cell types originate from the neural crest (10)?
Pseudounipolar ganglion cells (spinal and cranial nerves)
Multipolar ganglion cells (autonomic ganglia)
Schwann cells
Leptomeninges (pia and arachnoid)
Chromaffin cells
Pigment cells
Odontoblasts
Aorticopulmonary septum
Parafollicular cells
Skeletal/connective tissue cells in pharyngeal arches
What results from failure of the anterior neuropore to close?
Anencephaly
What results from failure of the posterior neuropore to close?
Spina bifida
What cell type do microglia come from?
Monocytes
When does myelination begin? When is myelination of the spinal corticospinal tracts finished?
Begins in 4th month gestation
Corticospinal tracts finish at 2 y/o
Where does the conus medullaris end in the infant vs. adult?
Infant - L3
Adults - L1
What congenital tumor can derive from remnants of Rathke's pouch?
Craniopharyngioma
Where does the adenohypophysis develop from (anterior pituitary)?
Rathke's pouch - oroectoderm
Where does the adenohypophysis develop from (anterior pituitary)?
Rathke's pouch - oroectoderm
Where does the neurohypophysis develop from (posterior pituitary)?
Neuroectoderm of the neural tube
Where does spina bifida usually occur?
Sacrolumbar region
Where does the neurohypophysis develop from (posterior pituitary)?
Neuroectoderm of the neural tube
What is the frequency of anencephaly vs. spina bifida?
1:1,000
10%
Where does spina bifida usually occur?
Sacrolumbar region
What is the frequency of anencephaly vs. spina bifida?
1:1,000
10%
What is crania bifidum?
Defect in the occipital bone - Meninges, cerebellum, and 4th ventricle herniate through
What is crania bifidum?
Defect in the occipital bone - Meninges, cerebellum, and 4th ventricle herniate through
What is dandy-walker malformation?
Failure of foramina of luschka and magendie to open --> Enlarged 4th ventricle, absence of cerebellar vermis
What are 3 causes of dandy-walker malformation?
Riboflavin inhibitors
Trauma to posterior fossa
Virus
What is an arnold-chiari (type 2) malformation?
Elongation and herniation of cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum, which blocks the flow of CSF
What causes hydrocephalus?
Stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct - caused by maternal infection (toxoplasmosis, CMV)
What are 2 typical features of FAS?
Microcephaly (MR)
Congenital heart defects
What is hydranencephaly?
Hemispheres replaced by huge ventricles - caused by occlusion of the carotid arteries, causing bilateral infarction
What is the difference between spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myomeningocele?
Spina bifida - Nothing herniates through the spinal canal defect (dura intact)

Meningocele - Meninges herniate

Myelomeningocele - Meninges and spinal cord herniate
What is holoprosencephaly?
- failure of hemispheres to separate at midline, resulting in a single ventricle
What is the form of holoprosencephaly where there is only 1 eye?
Cyclopia
What 3 conditions are associated with holoprosencephaly?
Patau's syndrome
Severe FAS
Cleft palate
What disorder causes a cape-like loss of pain and temperature, with preservation of touch?
Syringomyelia (enlargement of the central canal of the spinal cord)
Arnold-chiari type 2